Domain 1.0 - Operating Systems Flashcards
Name 3 characteristics for Windows 10 overall.
Released July 29, 2015.
Single platform for all devices.
More than twelve different released versions, latest is 22H2.
Name 4 things about Windows 10 Home.
- Default version for consumer.
- Integration with Microsoft accounts and OneDrive.
- Includes Windows Defender (antivirius and anti-malware)
- Includes Cortana (use has decreased)
Name 4 things about Windows 10 Pro
- Basic professional version.
- Remote desktop option.
- Includes BitLocker (FDE or Full Disk Encryption)
- Can join Windows AD
Name 4 things about Windows 10 Pro for Workstations
- An edition for high-end desktops.
- Max of four physical CPUs.
- Supports up to 6 TB RAM.
- Support for ReFS (Resilient File System, same as Windows Server)
Name 4 things about Windows 10 Enterprise
- Built for large implementations ( Volume licensing)
- AppLocker ( Control what applications can run)
- BranchCache (Remote site file caching)
- Granular UX Control (Define user environment, useful for kiosk and workstation customization)
What are the Windows 10 x86 minimum hardware requirements?
1 GHz or faster CPU, 1 GB RAM or more, 32 GB free disk space or more, Microsoft DirectX9 with WDDM driver (minimum of 800 x 600)
What are the Windows 10 x64 minimum hardware requirements?
Same as the x86, but needs 2 GB RAM or more instead of just 1 GB RAM.
Domain Services
- Large database of objects on the network.
*Everything documented in one place, user accounts; servers; volumes; printers. - Distributed architecture. (Many servers)
- Useful for authentication and centralized management.
Windows Workgroups are:
Logical groups of network devices. Each device is a standalone system, everyone is a peer.
Window Domains are:
Used in business networks for centralized authentication and device access / management.
What ususally separates work and home desktop styles?
Home: Complete flexibility.
Work: Standard desktop, common UI, customization very limited usually
Bitlocker vs EFS?
BitLocker: Full Disk Encryption (FDE)
EFS: Protect individual files and folders, built into NTFS
Upgrade paths for Windows include:
Upgrade to Windows 10 from Windows 7 or 8.1
Upgrade to Windows 11 from Windows 10.
Or between similar editions. For example, WIN11 Home to WIN11 Pro.
Post-installation process is:
- Does it boot?
- Install the following:
Any more OS updtes
Security patches
Security apps
Driver updates
Driver installations
Service packs.
Dir (Command)
List files and directories.
cd / chdir (command
Change the working directory
md, cd, rd (Command)
Move directory, change directory, remove directory
copy command parameters
/v - verifies that files are copied correctly.
/y - suppresses all prompts to confirm overwrite of existing files.
Xcopy (command)
Copies files and directory trees.
Robocopy (command)
Copies files from source to destination.
DiskPart (command)
Creates partitions from an available disk.
Winver (command)
Provides information about the current Windows version.
gpupdate (command)
gpupdate /target:{computer | user} /force
gpresult (command)
Verify group policy settings for computer or user.
Netstat (command) parameters
- a - shows all active connections.
-b - shows all binaries; requires admin rights - n - does not resolve hostnames
Nslookup (command)
Looks up information from DNS servers on canonical names for a domain, IP addresses, cache timers, etc.
Net (command)
Lists Windows network commands
tracert (command)
Determine the route a packet takes to a destination. Uses ICMP TTL. Not all devices will reply with ICMP Time Exceeded Messages.
Pathping (Combines ping and traceroute)
First phase runs a traceroute to build a map.
Second phase measures round trip time and packet loss at each hop.
Event viewer:
Central event logging.
- Application, security setup system
- Information, warning, error, critical, sucessful audit, failure edit.
- eventvwr.msc
Task Scheduler does:
Scheduling of an application or script.
Includes predefined schedules.
Organize with folders.
taskschd.msc
Device Manager:
Manages all the hardware drivers that talks from and to Windows and various hardware components.
devmgmt.msc
Local Users and Groups:
User groups are admin, users, backup operators, power users.
lusermgr.msc
Performance Monitor
OS metrics (Disk, memory, CPU, etc.)
Set alerts and automated actions (monitor and act)
Store statistics for analysis of long-term treds.
perfmon.msc
Group Policy Editor
Centrally manage users and systems via GPO
Policies can be local or part of AD.
Group Policy Management Console
gpedit.msc
System Information
System Overview
Hardware resources (IRQs, conflicts, memory, DMA)
Components (Multimedia, display, input, network config info)
Software Environment (Drivers, print jobs, running tasks)
msinfo32.exe
Resource Monitor
Detailed real-time view of system performance.
resmon.exe
System Configuration
Manage boot process, startup, services, etc. (one stop shop)
msconfig.exe
defrag
Disk Defragmentation
Move file fragments so they are contiguous
Improves read/write time
Not necessary for SSDs
defrag <volume></volume>
Windows Registry Editor
Master database for Windows OS
Hierarchical structure.
Used by almost everything
Kernel, device drivers, services, Security Account Manager, UI, apps
Back the registry up before making changes!
Internet Options (Control Panel)
General - Basic Display
Security - Different access based on site location.
Privacy - Cookies, pop-up blocker, InPrivate browsing
Content - Certificates and auto-complete
Connections - VPN and proxy settings
Advanced - Detailed configuration options and resetting network config.
Devices and Printers (Control Panel
Everything on the network from the view of the Windows PC.
Desktops, laptops, printers, multimedia devices, storage
Faster than Device Manager
Programs and Features (Control Panel)
Uninstall / repair, size, version of an application
Enable and disable Windows features.
Network and Sharing Center (Control Panel)
All network settings and adapters.
System (Control Panel)
Computer info such as domain / workgroup info, version, name, etc.
Mail (Control Panel)
Icon does not appear unless a mail client is installed.
Access to local mail configuration such as account info and data files.
Sound (Control Panel)
Output options
Set levels for different input and outputs
User Accounts (Control Panel)
Local user accounts (domain accounts are stored elsewhere
Account name and type.
Change password or profile picture.
Certificate information management.
Indexing options (Control Panel)
Speed up the search process (constantly updates an index)
Search browser history and search folders.
Add other locations.
File Explorer Options (Control Panel)
Manage File Explorer
General (Windows, expand folders)
View (hidden files and extensions)
Search (Disable index searches, search non-indexed areas)
Administrative Tools (Control Panel)
Not commonly used utilities, used more by sysadmins
Power Options (Control Panel)
- Hibernate (Open docs and apps are saved to disks, common on laptops, used by Fast Startup)
- Sleep (Open apps are stored in memory, save power and startup quickly, switches to hibernate if power is low, can be customized by power plans
- USB selective suspend
Disable USB devices
Fingerprint readers, biometrics
Ease of Access Center (Control Panel)
Usability enhancements.
Change display, keyboard, mouse, and other input/output options.
Time and Language (Windows Settings)
Windows can automatically set the time.
AD is very sensitive to synchronized clocks.
Tolerance of at least five minutes.
Over 7,000 languages supported.
Update and Security (Windows Settings)
Keeps your OS up to date.
Automatic installation.
Can avoid installing updates during active hours.
Personalization (Windows Settings)
Change the way Windows looks and feels
Colors, wallpaper, lock screen.
Apps (Windows Settings)
Manage installed apps
Add Windows features such as fonts for other languages or OpenSSH suppport.
Privacy (Windows Settings)
Share app activity (Customized advertising)
Share your language (Website content)
Notifications (Enable or disable, show on lock screen)
System (Windows Settings)
Change display settings such as night light, scaling, resolution.
Audio settings.
Notifications.
Devices (Windows Settings)
Manage external devices such as mice, etc.
Accounts (Windows Settings)
Manage login information.
Email configuration.
Sign-in options from PIN to password.
Mapping drives
Access a shared folder.
Local drive letter and share name.
Can also use the command line.
Sharing printers
Similar to sharing a folder.
Printer properties:
- Access through File Explorer, Settings, or any other Printer Properties
- Share an existing printer.
Proxy settings
Change the traffic flow. (An internet go-between)
Settings > Network and Interenet
Define address and exception.
Proxies don’t work for everything.
Network locations
Private: Home or work network; share and connect to devices.
Public: No sharing or connectivity
Security profiles are determined automatically but can be changed at anytime.
APIPA
No static address assigned or DHCP isn’t available
Range: 169.254.1.0-169.254.254.255
How many values can x86 and x64 store?
4.2 billion values and 18.4 quintillion values.
Advantages of Microsoft Windows?
Large industry support / market presence, broad selection of OS Options, wide variety of software support.
Disadvantages of Microsoft Windows?
Large install base for security exploitation and large hardware support can create challenging integration.
Advantages of Linux?
Free, many distros to choose from, passionate and active user community.
Disadvantages of Linux?
Limited driver support, especially with laptops and limited support options.
Advantages of macOS?
Easy to use, extremely compatible with available hardware, and fewer security issues.
Disadvantages of macOS?
Requires Apple hardware, less industry support, high initial hardware cost.
What are some characteristics of ChromeOS?
Google’s operating system, centered around the Google Chrome browser, most apps are web-based, and there are many different manufacturers.
What are some characteristics of Apple iOS?
Based on Unix, closed-source, exclusive to Apple products, Apps are developed on iOS SDK, and apps must be approved to Apple before release on the App Store.
What are some characteristics of Google Android?
Based on linux and is open source, supported on many different manufacturer’s hardware, and apps are developed on Windows, Linux, and macOS using Android SDK.
Characteristics of FAT32
2 TB Volume sizes.
Max file size is 4 GB
Characteristics of exFAT
Microsoft flash drive file system.
Files can be larger than 4 GB
Compatible with multiple operating systems.
Characteristics of NTFS
NT File System
Quotas
File compression
Encryption
Symbolic links
Large file support
Secure
Windows centric
APFS
Apple File System
Optimized for SSDs
Repair installation
Fixes possible issues with Windows OS, does not modify user files / settings.
Image deployment
Deploy a clone to every target computer.
Can be relatively quick and automatic.
GPT partition style
GUID Partition Table (Globally Unique Partition Table)
Requires a UEFI BIOS
- Can have up to 128 partitions
-Max partition size is over 9 billion TB
-Windows max partitions size is 256 TB
No need for extended or logical partitions
MBR
Primary:
Bootable partitions
Max number of four primary partitions on an MBR drive.
One of the primary partitions can be marked as active.
Extended:
Used for extending max number of partitions
Not bootable
Contains additional logical partitions
Logical partitions inside an extended partition are not bootable
What is a .dmg file?
Apple Disk Image
Mountable as a drive in Finder
Used to distribute software.
What is a .pkg file?
Installer package, used to distribute software and runs through a script
What is a .app file?
Application bundle, contains necessary files to use the application.
What is Time Machine?
Apple backup.
Has hourly backups for the past 24 hours, daily backups for entire month, and weekly backups for previous months.
Starts deleting oldest backups when disk is full.
Mission Control and Spaces
Used by macOS
Quickly review what’s running.
Swipe upwards with three fingers or Ctrl-Up arrow
Keychain
Password management system built into Apple OS’s.
Passwords and Secure Notes are encrypted.
Login password is the key.
Spotlight
Find files, apps, images, etc.
Magnify glass in taskbar or Command-space.
Can customize what’s indexed.
iCloud
Apple’s cloud service that integrates all Apple OS’s.
Share across systems.
Think of it as Apple’s proprietary Dropbox.
Gestures
Extends capabilites of trackpad.
Finder
Central OS file manager.
File management.
Integrated access to other devices such as file servers, screen sharing, and remote connections.
Remote Disc
Use an optical drive from another computer.
Doesn’t work with audio or video DVDs.
