Domain 1 : Physical Science Flashcards
Solids
Characterized by their ability to retain their shape. relatively in-compressible. Melt when heated, and vaporize only slightly. All substances become solid if cooled sufficiently. EX: rock, crystals, wood, feather, ice
Liquids
Take the shape of their containers. Volume is consistent unless evaporation occurs. Intermediate state between solid and gas. EX: water, oil, milk honey
Gases
Expand to fill space. A compressible fluid, volume determined by pressure, temperature, and environment. EX: Air, helium, steam.
Mass
The amount of matter in a chemical substance. Commonly confused with weight.
Density
Determined by dividing mass over volume.
Hardness
Refers to various properties of matter in the solid phase that give it a high resistance to its shape changing when force is applied.
Scratch hardness: Resistance to fracture or permanent deformation.
Indentation hardness: Resistance to permanent deformation due to a constant load of a sharp object.
Rebound hardness: height of the bounce of an object dropped on the material, related to elasticity.
Mohs’ scale of hardness
rate minerals and put them on a scale from 1 to 10. 1 what is the softest and 10 is the hardest, determined by the ability of a harder mineral to scratch a softer mineral. for example talk is at one and a diamond is at 10.
Physical properties
Are the characteristics that make up the physical composition of a substance. Physical properties include color, form, conductivity, and density.
Physical changes
Don’t involve one substance changing into another. Water for example can change from a gas (water vapor) to liquid (water) to a solid (ice) I but the water molecules do not change. The particular state of water is determined by pressure and temperature.
Chemical changes
Occurring substances changed into something else. I chemical change occurs whenever compounds are formed or decompose. During this reaction there there is a rearrangement of Adams that make or break chemical bonds.
Chemical reactions
Show the number of molecules are formula units of the right reactants and products. For example, nitrous oxide is a colorless odorless gas that causes mild hysteria when inhaled, hence the name laughing gas you need: it is prepared by heating ammonium nitrate crystals.
Atoms
Made up of several tiny parts. At the center Atom is a core called the nucleus. the nucleus is made of particles called protons and neutrons. protons have a positive electrical charge, and neutrons have no charge. electrons move around the nucleus and electron clouds. electrons have a negative charge, and they are attracted to the positively charged protons and you and nucleus. this attraction keeps electrons in orbit around the nucleus
Chemical elements
Composed of only one atom and cannot be separated into different substances except in some instances by radioactive decay, or by nuclear reactions. the elements are assigned atomic numbers equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of their atoms.
Compounds
Are formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements and a fixed ratio. Water, for example, is made of molecules with the composition H2 O structure.
PH
A measure of acidity are basicity of a solution. The pH scale is not an absolute scale; it is relative to a set of standard solutions his pHs established by international agreement. Your water is said to be neutral. The pH for pure water at 25°C is close to seven. when foreign substances are dissolved in water and creates a solution. Solutions with the pH of less than seven are said to be acidic, and solutions with a pH greater than seven are said to be basic or alkaline. PH measurements are important for medicine, biology, chemistry, food science, environmental science, oceanography, and many other applications.
Litmus
A water-soluble mixture of different dyes extracted from linchpins. Is often absorbed going onto filter paper. The resulting piece of paper or solution with water becomes a pH indicator, Used to test Jerial’s birthday. Blue paper turns red under acidic conditions. Read paper turns blue under basic condition.
Mixture
A substance made by combining two or more different materials without a chemical reaction occurs. The product of a mechanical blending or mixing of chemical substances. Each ingredient retains its own chemical properties and makeup. Salt-and-pepper is a mixture.
Motion
Means that there is a constant change and the location of the body, And is described by stating objects position, velocity, and acceleration
Velocity
The rate of change of position with time. For example, an automobile that is 100 miles farther along the highway 3 PM then at 1 PM has never salacity during the interval Time. Velocity equals the change of distance over the change of time. For example, 100 miles divided by two hours equals 50 mph.
Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity over time. If the automobile in our example had an initial velocity of 40 miles an hour and a final velocity of 60 mph, minutes average acceleration would be 10 miles per hour squared. Acceleration equals the change of velocity divided by the change of time. 20 miles an hour divided by two hours equals 10 miles an hour squared.
Newton’s first law of motion
Also referred to as the law of inertia. In the absence of the application of an outside force A body at rest will remain at rest, while a body moving in a straight line will continue to move in a straight line with uniform speed. Simplified, without outside forces, the stationary object will never move, and without outside forces, an object in motion will never stop our deviate from its course.
Newton’s second law of motion
The second wall relies on the first law and proposes that the acceleration of an object is proportional to the force applied. simplified, the more forest, the more
Newton’s third law of motion
The third law asserts that for every action or a fight force, there is equal and opposite reaction
Gravitation
A natural phenomenon by which objects with mass attract one another. Gravitation compels disbursed matter to collapse, and that’s it accounts for the very existence of the earth, the sun, and most of the microscopic objects in the universe.
Magnetism
Displayed by permanent magnets and around electric currents. All of us have had the opportunity to study the interesting properties a permanent magnets, small iron bars, or I am Perseus which have aligned internal structures induce the other magnets. The north pole of one magnet attracts the south pole of another, but light poles repel each other. Either pull can attract a neck ties iron objects. I am building spread out a piece of paper about apartment and arrange the pattern amount but magnetic field in the space around the magnet.
Simple machine
A mechanical device that changes the direction our Mac into the fourth. And general, simple machines can be defined as the simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage advantage are leveraged to multiply force. For classical simple machines: letter–A rigid object that is used with inappropriate fulcrum market at point to multiply the mechanical four seconds he applied to another object. This leverages off the terms mechanical advantage. pulley –used to change the direction of an applied force, Transmit rotational motion, are realizing mechanical advantage and either a many year our rotation on system of motion.
Forms of energy
Includes solar, chemical, electrical, magnetic, nuclear, sound, lights, and electromagnetic. Energy is the ability to perform work.
Electricity
A form of energy that can be used to reduce sound, light, heat, and power. Electricity exists where the number of what negative electrons does not precisely equal the number of positive electrons. Electrons are held in Adam by an electrical force and have an electrical charge. When electrons are not held tightly and Atom, the electrons can move freely and can carry electricity from one place to another. When energy flows in one direction, the flowing energy is referred to as a current.
Electrical current
Simply the path or circuit and electrical current flows. Electricity requires a complete path for the electrons flow. If the past is broken and they’re not alternative paths for the electrons to follow, the electrons will not move. Electric circuits make it possible for electric energy to operate a vast range of technology.
Static electricity
Results when electrical charges filled up or increase on the surface of the material. In fact electricity, there is no current flow flowing as lead be found in electrical outlets. When certain materials are rubbed together, leptons can move from one object to another. The material can become negatively or positively charged electrons in the material again to lost– An example would be the spark a person might get by walking cross the wall rather than touching a metal doorknob.
Light
Seems to traveling perfectly straight line says raise. The direction of the rate changes at the interface between two transparent materials, like air and water. Some of the light is reflected, the angle of reflection being equal to the England incidents. The portion of the light that crosses the boundary is, however, deflected in another direction, and the angle of reflection does not equal the angle of incidence.
Nuclear energy
Has been taken by two different means vision and fusion. Nuclear fission releases energy when I have a nucleus splits into smaller cabinets. Nuclear fission is using power plants in the atomic bombs the opposite process of nuclear fusion yields energy when very light nuclei unite to a heavier nucleus.
Degrees Celsius
Can refer to a specific temperature in the Celsius scale, as well as a serve as a unit increment to indicate a temperature interval. Your degrees in the Celsius scale is defined as freezing point of water. And when hundred degrees Celsius is defined as the boiling point of water under pressure one standard atmosphere.
Fahrenheit
Temperature scale that is named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fairburn Heights. On the scale the freezing point of water is thirty two degrees fair in height and the boiling point is two hundred and twelve degrees Fahrenheit
Transfer of heat
Heat tends to move from a high-temperature region to a low-temperature region. This heat transfer may occur by the mechanisms of conduction, radiation, and convection.
Heat conduction
Spontaneous transfer of thermal energy through matter, from A region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. Heat energy is transferred from one material to another by direct contact.
Thermal radiation
Electromagnetic radiation admitted from the surface of an object, which is due to the objects to Richard. Infrared radiation from a common household radiator are electric heaters in example of thermal radiation, as is the light committed by a glowing incandescent lightbulb. Radiation is generated when he from the moving of charged particles within Adamses converted to electromagnetic radiation. When infrared radiation is sore by an object, it is changed to heat.
Convection
Occurs when hot air is less dense and cool air and therefore rises. When the heat lives in a circular pattern, convection currents or forms. He can be transferred by the circulation of fluids due to buoyancy from changes in density.
Incandescent lightbulb
Is a source electric light that works I think investments and electrical current passes through a thin filament, heating it until it produces like. In closing glassful prevents the oxygen in the air from reaching the hot filament, which otherwise would be destroyed rapidly by oxidation. And can doesn’t bolds are also sometimes called electric lamps, term also applied to the original arc lamps.
Fluorescent lamp
A gas discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor. The excited mercury atoms pretty shortwave ultraviolet light and then causes of phosphoric to Florida, producing visible light of Mike and get us a lance, fluorescent lamps always require a balance to regulate the flow of power through the lamp.
Refraction of light
Explains why objects appear bent as light passes from one transparent object into another. Light travels faster through air than through water or glass.
Optics
refraction occurs when light waves travel from a medium with a given refractive index to a medium with another index.
Reflection
occurs when light travels only in straight lines. An object is visible because light is reflected from the object into our eyes. Reflection is the change in direction of a wave front at an interface between two different media so that the wave front returns to the medium from which it originated.
Renewable energy
energy generated from natural resources - such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat - which are renewable .
Nonrenewable energy
energy taken from finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. Fossile fuels include coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
