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Domain 1: Concepts and Structures of Anatomy & Functions of Exercise Physiology > Domain 1: Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts > Flashcards

Domain 1: Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system

A

communication network within

the body

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2
Q

Central Nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord; coordinates activity of the body.

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body and

environment

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4
Q

Somatic (Peripheral nervous system subdivisions)

A

serves outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle; voluntary

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5
Q

Autonomic (Peripheral nervous system subdivisions)

A

involuntary systems (e.g., heart, digestion)

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6
Q

Parasympathetic (Autonomic subdivisions)

A

decreases activation during rest and recovery

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7
Q

Sympathetic (Autonomic subdivisions)

A

increases activation to prep for activity.

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8
Q

Neuron

A

functional unit of the nervous system.

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9
Q

Motor (efferent) neuron

A

transmit nerve impulses from CNS to effector sites.

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10
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

respond to stimuli; transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to CNS.

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11
Q

Mechanoreceptors—

A

sense distortion in body tissues. (physical change)

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12
Q

Joint receptors

A

respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of joints

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13
Q

Golgi tendon organs (GTO)

A

sense changes in muscular tension.

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14
Q

Muscle spindles

A

sense changes in muscle length

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15
Q

The Muscular System (Tendon)

A

connect muscle to bone; provide anchor for muscles to produce force.

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16
Q

The Muscular system (fascia)

A

outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a

muscle

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17
Q

Fascicles

A

bundle of individual muscle fibers

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18
Q

Muscle fiber

A

cellular components and myofibrils encased in a plasma membrane

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19
Q

Sarcomere

A

produces muscular contraction; repeating sections of actin and myosin

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20
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

thick and thin filaments slide past one another, shortening the entire sarcomere

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21
Q

Type I (slow twitch) muscle tissue

A

smaller size; fatigue slowly- They contain more capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin than type II muscle fibers.

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22
Q

Type II (fast twitch) muscle tissue

A

larger size; quick to produce maximal tension; fatigue quickly.

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23
Q

Motor unit

A

one motor neuron and the muscle fibers it connects with

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24
Q

Neural activation

A

contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.

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25
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that transport impulses from nerve to muscle.

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26
Q

Local stabilization system

(T.I.M. Paid. Derrick) ➡️ T. I. M. D

A

attach directly to vertebrae.
Consists of: Transverse abdominis, Internal oblique, Multifidus, Pelvic floor Diaphragm.

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27
Q

Global stabilization system

A

attach from pelvis to spine.
Consists of: quadratus lumborum, psoas major, external oblique, rectus abdominis, gluteus medius,
adductor complex, portions of internal oblique

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28
Q

Movement system

A

attach spine and/or pelvis to extremities. Consists of: latissimus dorsi, hip flexors, hamstring complex, quadriceps

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29
Q

Axial skeleton

A

skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

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30
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

upper and lower extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdles

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31
Q

Skeletal system functions

A

supports, protects, allows bodily movement, produces blood, stores minerals

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32
Q

Depressions

A

flattened or indented portions of a bone; can

be muscle attachment sites

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33
Q

Process

A

projection protruding from a bone; muscles,

tendons, and ligaments can attach.

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34
Q

Ligaments

A

connects bone to bone; little blood supply; slow

to heal

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35
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

joint motion

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36
Q

Non-synovial joints

A

no joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage; little to no movement.

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37
Q

Synovial Joints

A

held together by joint capsule and ligaments; associated with movement.

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38
Q

Major motion types

A

—roll, slide, and spin

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39
Q

Important joint types to know (Hinge)

A

—elbows, ankles; sagittal plane movement

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40
Q

Important joint types to know: (Ball-and-socket)

A

shoulders, hips; most mobile, all three planes of motion.

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41
Q

Weight-bearing exercise

A

the best method to strengthen bones.

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42
Q

Endocrine system

A

system of glands; secretes hormones to regulate bodily function

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43
Q

Testosterone

A

responsible for male sex traits.

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44
Q

Estrogen

A

—influences fat deposition on hips, buttocks, and thighs; responsible for female sex traits

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45
Q

Growth hormone

A

—anabolic hormone; responsible for bodily growth up until puberty.

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46
Q

Insulin

A

regulates energy and glucose metabolism in the body.

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47
Q

Cardiorespiratory system

A

cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

48
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood, and blood vessels.

49
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

shorter, more tightly connected than skeletal muscle; involuntary.

50
Q

Atria

A

smaller, superior chambers of the heart; receive blood from veins

51
Q

Right atrium

A

gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart.

52
Q

Left atrium

A

gathers oxygenated blood from the lungs

53
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) nod

A

located in right atrium; initiates impulse for heart rate; “pacemaker for the heart”.

54
Q

Ventricles

A

larger, inferior chambers of the heart; pump blood out

55
Q

Right ventricle

A

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

56
Q

Left ventricle

A

pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

57
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart.

58
Q

Veins

A

transport blood back to the heart

59
Q

Arterioles

A

small branches of arteries; end in capillaries

60
Q

Capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels; site of gas, chemical, and water exchange.

61
Q

Venules

A

very small veins; connect capillaries to larger veins

62
Q

Stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped with each contraction

63
Q

Heart rate

A

the rate at which the heart pumps; average untrained adult = 70-80 bpm

64
Q

Cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped per minute; heart rate × stroke volume.

65
Q

Respiratory system

A

lungs and respiratory passageways; brings in oxygen, removes CO2.

66
Q

Inspiration

A

contracting inspiratory muscles to move air into lungs.

67
Q

Inspiratory muscles (Primary)

A

diaphragm, external intercostals.

68
Q

Inspiratory muscles (Secondary)

A

scalenes, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid

69
Q

Expiration

A

relaxing inspiratory muscles (passive), contracting expiratory muscles (active) to move air out.

Expiratory muscles—internal intercostals, abdominals

70
Q

Resting oxygen consumption (VO2)

A

—3.5 ml × kg-1 × min-1 = 1 metabolic equivalent (MET)

71
Q

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)

A

highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization achieved at maximal physical exertion.

72
Q

Abnormal breathing patterns

A

associated with stress and anxiety; may result in headaches, fatigue, poor circulation, and/or poor sleep patterns.

73
Q

Cardiorespiratory exercise: (Increases)

A

cardiac output, breathing efficiency, oxygen transport, use of fats for fuel, mental alertness, ability to relax and sleep, tolerance to stress, lean body mass, metabolic rate

74
Q

Cardiorespiratory exercise (Decrease)

A

resting heart rate, cholesterol, blood pressure, and the risks of heart disease, blood clots, depression, anxiety, obesity, and diabetes

75
Q

Bioenergetics and Exercise Metabolism(Bio-energetic)

A

study of energy in the human body.

76
Q

Metabolism

A

process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body

77
Q

Aerobic

A

requires oxygen

78
Q

Anaerobic

A

without oxygen.

79
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

energy storage and transfer unit within cells.

80
Q

Anaerobic threshold

A

where the body can no longer produce enough energy with normal oxygen intake

81
Q

Excess post oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A

elevation of metabolism after exercise.

82
Q

Superior (Anatomic locations )

A

above a point of reference.

83
Q

Inferior (Anatomic locations )

A

below a point of reference

84
Q

Proximal (Anatomic locations)

A

nearest to a point of reference.

85
Q

Distal (Anatomic locations )

A

farthest from a point of reference

86
Q

Anterior (Anatomic locations)

A

front of the body.

87
Q

Posterior (Anatomic locations)

A

back of the body.

88
Q

Medial (Anatomic locations)

A

closer to the middle of the body

89
Q

Lateral (Anatomic locations)

A

farther from the middle of the body

90
Q

Contralatera (Anatomic locations)

A

on the opposite side of the body.

91
Q

Ipsilatera (Anatomic locations)

A

on the same side of the body.

92
Q

Planes of Motion (Frontal)

A

Adduction/abduction
Lateral flexion
Eversion/inversion

Examples: Side lateral raise, side lunge, side shuffle

93
Q

Plane of Motion (Sagital)

A

Flexion/extension

Examples:Biceps curl, triceps pushdown, squat

94
Q

Plane of Motion (Transverse)

A

Rotation, Horizontal adduction/abduction

Examples: Throwing, golfing, swinging a bat, trunk rotation

95
Q

Flexion

A

bending movement; decreases relative angle between segments.

96
Q

Extension

A

straightening movement; increases relative angle between segments.

97
Q

Plantarflexion

A

extension at the ankle.

98
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

flexion at the ankle

99
Q

Abduction

A

movement in the frontal plane away from the middle

100
Q

Adduction

A

movement in the frontal plane toward the middle.

101
Q

Horizontal abduction

A

transverse plane arm movement from anterior to lateral (e.g. chest flies).

102
Q

Horizontal adduction

A

transverse plane arm movement from lateral to anterior.

103
Q

Internal rotation

A

rotation toward the middle of the body.

104
Q

External rotation

A

rotation away from the middle of the body.

105
Q

Isometric

A

muscular force equal to resistive force, stabilizes force; no change in muscle length.

106
Q

Length-tension relationship

A

resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that length

107
Q

Force-couple

A

Muscles working together to produce movement

108
Q

Neuromuscular efficiency

A

ability to produce and reduce force, and stabilize the

kinetic chain in all three planes of motion

109
Q

Structural efficiency

A

alignment of the musculoskeletal system that allows center of gravity to be maintained over a base of support

110
Q

Davis’s law

A

soft tissue models along the lines of stress.

111
Q

Altered reciprocal inhibition

A

muscle inhibition caused by a tight agonist, which inhibits its functional antagonist.

112
Q

Stabilization (OPT Model) Level 1

A

ability to maintain postural equilibrium and support joints during movement.

113
Q

Strength (OPT Model) Level 2

A

ability of the neuromuscular system to produce internal tension to overcome an external force.

114
Q

Strength endurance (OPT Model) Phase 1

A

ability to repeatedly produce high levels of force for prolonged periods

115
Q

Muscular hypertrophy (OPT Model) Phase 3

A

enlargement of skeletal muscle fibers from resistance training.

116
Q

Maximal strength (OPT Model) Phase 4

A

maximal force a muscle can produce in a single voluntary effort

117
Q

Power (OPT Model) Phase 5 / Level 3

A

ability to produce the greatest force in the shortest time.

Domain 1: Concepts and Structures of Anatomy & Functions of Exercise Physiology (1 decks)

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