Domain 1: Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts Flashcards
Nervous system
communication network within
the body
Central Nervous system
brain and spinal cord; coordinates activity of the body.
Peripheral nervous system
nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body and
environment
Somatic (Peripheral nervous system subdivisions)
serves outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle; voluntary
Autonomic (Peripheral nervous system subdivisions)
involuntary systems (e.g., heart, digestion)
Parasympathetic (Autonomic subdivisions)
decreases activation during rest and recovery
Sympathetic (Autonomic subdivisions)
increases activation to prep for activity.
Neuron
functional unit of the nervous system.
Motor (efferent) neuron
transmit nerve impulses from CNS to effector sites.
Sensory (afferent) neurons
respond to stimuli; transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to CNS.
Mechanoreceptors—
sense distortion in body tissues. (physical change)
Joint receptors
respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of joints
Golgi tendon organs (GTO)
sense changes in muscular tension.
Muscle spindles
sense changes in muscle length
The Muscular System (Tendon)
connect muscle to bone; provide anchor for muscles to produce force.
The Muscular system (fascia)
outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a
muscle
Fascicles
bundle of individual muscle fibers
Muscle fiber
cellular components and myofibrils encased in a plasma membrane
Sarcomere
produces muscular contraction; repeating sections of actin and myosin
Sliding filament theory
thick and thin filaments slide past one another, shortening the entire sarcomere
Type I (slow twitch) muscle tissue
smaller size; fatigue slowly- They contain more capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin than type II muscle fibers.
Type II (fast twitch) muscle tissue
larger size; quick to produce maximal tension; fatigue quickly.
Motor unit
one motor neuron and the muscle fibers it connects with
Neural activation
contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation.
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that transport impulses from nerve to muscle.
Local stabilization system
(T.I.M. Paid. Derrick) ➡️ T. I. M. D
attach directly to vertebrae.
Consists of: Transverse abdominis, Internal oblique, Multifidus, Pelvic floor Diaphragm.
Global stabilization system
attach from pelvis to spine.
Consists of: quadratus lumborum, psoas major, external oblique, rectus abdominis, gluteus medius,
adductor complex, portions of internal oblique
Movement system
attach spine and/or pelvis to extremities. Consists of: latissimus dorsi, hip flexors, hamstring complex, quadriceps
Axial skeleton
skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton
upper and lower extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdles
Skeletal system functions
supports, protects, allows bodily movement, produces blood, stores minerals
Depressions
flattened or indented portions of a bone; can
be muscle attachment sites
Process
projection protruding from a bone; muscles,
tendons, and ligaments can attach.
Ligaments
connects bone to bone; little blood supply; slow
to heal
Arthrokinematics
joint motion
Non-synovial joints
no joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage; little to no movement.
Synovial Joints
held together by joint capsule and ligaments; associated with movement.
Major motion types
—roll, slide, and spin
Important joint types to know (Hinge)
—elbows, ankles; sagittal plane movement
Important joint types to know: (Ball-and-socket)
shoulders, hips; most mobile, all three planes of motion.
Weight-bearing exercise
the best method to strengthen bones.
Endocrine system
system of glands; secretes hormones to regulate bodily function
Testosterone
responsible for male sex traits.
Estrogen
—influences fat deposition on hips, buttocks, and thighs; responsible for female sex traits
Growth hormone
—anabolic hormone; responsible for bodily growth up until puberty.
Insulin
regulates energy and glucose metabolism in the body.
Cardiorespiratory system
cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
Cardiovascular system
heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Cardiac muscle
shorter, more tightly connected than skeletal muscle; involuntary.
Atria
smaller, superior chambers of the heart; receive blood from veins
Right atrium
gathers deoxygenated blood returning to the heart.
Left atrium
gathers oxygenated blood from the lungs
Sinoatrial (SA) nod
located in right atrium; initiates impulse for heart rate; “pacemaker for the heart”.
Ventricles
larger, inferior chambers of the heart; pump blood out
Right ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Left ventricle
pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart.
Veins
transport blood back to the heart
Arterioles
small branches of arteries; end in capillaries
Capillaries
smallest blood vessels; site of gas, chemical, and water exchange.
Venules
very small veins; connect capillaries to larger veins
Stroke volume
amount of blood pumped with each contraction
Heart rate
the rate at which the heart pumps; average untrained adult = 70-80 bpm
Cardiac output
volume of blood pumped per minute; heart rate × stroke volume.
Respiratory system
lungs and respiratory passageways; brings in oxygen, removes CO2.
Inspiration
contracting inspiratory muscles to move air into lungs.
Inspiratory muscles (Primary)
diaphragm, external intercostals.
Inspiratory muscles (Secondary)
scalenes, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid
Expiration
relaxing inspiratory muscles (passive), contracting expiratory muscles (active) to move air out.
Expiratory muscles—internal intercostals, abdominals
Resting oxygen consumption (VO2)
—3.5 ml × kg-1 × min-1 = 1 metabolic equivalent (MET)
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)
highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization achieved at maximal physical exertion.
Abnormal breathing patterns
associated with stress and anxiety; may result in headaches, fatigue, poor circulation, and/or poor sleep patterns.
Cardiorespiratory exercise: (Increases)
cardiac output, breathing efficiency, oxygen transport, use of fats for fuel, mental alertness, ability to relax and sleep, tolerance to stress, lean body mass, metabolic rate
Cardiorespiratory exercise (Decrease)
resting heart rate, cholesterol, blood pressure, and the risks of heart disease, blood clots, depression, anxiety, obesity, and diabetes
Bioenergetics and Exercise Metabolism(Bio-energetic)
study of energy in the human body.
Metabolism
process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body
Aerobic
requires oxygen
Anaerobic
without oxygen.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
energy storage and transfer unit within cells.
Anaerobic threshold
where the body can no longer produce enough energy with normal oxygen intake
Excess post oxygen consumption (EPOC)
elevation of metabolism after exercise.
Superior (Anatomic locations )
above a point of reference.
Inferior (Anatomic locations )
below a point of reference
Proximal (Anatomic locations)
nearest to a point of reference.
Distal (Anatomic locations )
farthest from a point of reference
Anterior (Anatomic locations)
front of the body.
Posterior (Anatomic locations)
back of the body.
Medial (Anatomic locations)
closer to the middle of the body
Lateral (Anatomic locations)
farther from the middle of the body
Contralatera (Anatomic locations)
on the opposite side of the body.
Ipsilatera (Anatomic locations)
on the same side of the body.
Planes of Motion (Frontal)
Adduction/abduction
Lateral flexion
Eversion/inversion
Examples: Side lateral raise, side lunge, side shuffle
Plane of Motion (Sagital)
Flexion/extension
Examples:Biceps curl, triceps pushdown, squat
Plane of Motion (Transverse)
Rotation, Horizontal adduction/abduction
Examples: Throwing, golfing, swinging a bat, trunk rotation
Flexion
bending movement; decreases relative angle between segments.
Extension
straightening movement; increases relative angle between segments.
Plantarflexion
extension at the ankle.
Dorsiflexion
flexion at the ankle
Abduction
movement in the frontal plane away from the middle
Adduction
movement in the frontal plane toward the middle.
Horizontal abduction
transverse plane arm movement from anterior to lateral (e.g. chest flies).
Horizontal adduction
transverse plane arm movement from lateral to anterior.
Internal rotation
rotation toward the middle of the body.
External rotation
rotation away from the middle of the body.
Isometric
muscular force equal to resistive force, stabilizes force; no change in muscle length.
Length-tension relationship
resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that length
Force-couple
Muscles working together to produce movement
Neuromuscular efficiency
ability to produce and reduce force, and stabilize the
kinetic chain in all three planes of motion
Structural efficiency
alignment of the musculoskeletal system that allows center of gravity to be maintained over a base of support
Davis’s law
soft tissue models along the lines of stress.
Altered reciprocal inhibition
muscle inhibition caused by a tight agonist, which inhibits its functional antagonist.
Stabilization (OPT Model) Level 1
ability to maintain postural equilibrium and support joints during movement.
Strength (OPT Model) Level 2
ability of the neuromuscular system to produce internal tension to overcome an external force.
Strength endurance (OPT Model) Phase 1
ability to repeatedly produce high levels of force for prolonged periods
Muscular hypertrophy (OPT Model) Phase 3
enlargement of skeletal muscle fibers from resistance training.
Maximal strength (OPT Model) Phase 4
maximal force a muscle can produce in a single voluntary effort
Power (OPT Model) Phase 5 / Level 3
ability to produce the greatest force in the shortest time.
