Domain 1 Flashcards
What is Kinesiology?
The study of human movement
What is Biomechanics?
The study of how forces affect a living body
What are Anatomic Locations?
This is a terminology to describe human movement. It requires the use of a consistent body position - the anatomic position
What is Anatomic Position?
It is a standard reference of posture, where the body stands upright with the arms beside the trunk, and the palms and head both face forward
Anterior
Toward or on the front side of the body
Superior
Above a landmark or closer to the head
Proximal
Closer to the center of the body
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Posterior
Toward or on the backside of the body
Inferior
Toward the bottom part of the body or closer to the feet
Distal
Farther from the center of the body or landmark
Lateral
Farther from the midline of the body
Prone
Is the body position where one is lying with the face downward
Supine
Is the body position where one is lying on the back and the face is upward
Triple Flexion
Is a multi-joint exercise that involves flexion at the hip, knee, and ankle
Triple Extension
Is a multi-ring exercise that involves extension at the hip, knee, and ankle
Static Posture
Is the starting point from which an individual moves
Sagittal Plane
Is the joint motion plane that bisects body into right and left sides, occurs around coronal axis – Flexion and extension
Frontal Plane
Is the joint motion plane that bisects body into front and back halves, occurs around anterior-posterior axis – Abductions and Adduction
Transverse Plane
Is the joint motion that bisects the body into upper and lower halves, occurs around vertical axis – Rotation
Flexion
Is a joint action of bending at a joint where the relative angle between two adjoining segments decreases
Extension
Is a joint action of movement at the joint where the relative angle between two adjoining segments increases
Abduction
Is a joint action when a body segment is moving away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Is a joint action when the body segment is moving toward the midline of the body
Horizontal Abduction
Is a joint action movement of a limbic transverse plane from an anterior to a lateral position
Horizontal Adduction
Is a joint action movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral to an anterior position
Internal Potation
Is a joint action, rotation of a limp or body segment toward the midline of the body
External Rotation
Is a joint action, rotation of a limp or body segment away from the midline of the body
Pronation
Is a joint action, a triplanar movement that is associated with force reduction
Supination
Is a joint action, a triplanar motion that is associated with force production
Scapular Retraction
Is a scapular motion that occurs the the shoulder blades come closer together
Scapular Protraction
Is a scapular motion that occurs when the shoulder blades move further away from each other
Scapular Depression
Is a scapular motion that occurs the the shoulder blades move downward
Scapular Elevation
Is a scapular motion that occurs when the shoulder blades move upward toward the ears
Eccentric
Is a muscle action - the lengthening of the muscle. Force reduction.
Isometric
Is a muscle action - no appreciable change in the muscle length. Dynamically stabilize the body
Concentric
Is a muscle action - the shortening on the muscle. Force production.
Muscle Actions
Muscles produce a variety of actions known at the muscle action spectrum to manipulate forces
Malalignment
Is a common muscle imbalance - the incorrect or improper alignment of the joints in a body without movement
Overactive
Is a common muscle imbalance - referring to a state of having disrupted neuromuscular recruitment patterns that lead a muscle to be active during a joint action
Underactive
Is a common muscle imbalance - referring to the state of having disrupted neuromuscular recruitment patterns that lead a muscle to be relatively less active during a joint action
Common Muscle Imbalances - Foot & Ankle
Overactive - Soleus, Lateral Gastrocnemius, Peroneus Longus and Brevis
Common Muscle Imbalances - Foot & Ankle
Underactive - Medial Gastrocnemius, Anterior Tibialis, Posterior Tibialis
Common Muscle Imbalances - Knee
Overactive - Biceps Femoris (Short head), Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL)
Common Muscle Imbalances - Knee
Underactive - Vastus Medialis Oblique (VMO)
Common Muscle Imbalances - LPHC
Overactive - Hip Flexors, Adductors, Superficial Abdominals, Erector Spinae
Common Muscle Imbalances - LPHC
Underactive - Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medius, Hamstrings, Intrinsic Core Stabilizers, Erector Spinae
Common Muscle Imbalances - Shoulders
Overactive - Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoralis Major/Minor
Common Muscle Imbalances - Shoulders
Underactive - Middle and Lower Trapezius, Rhomboids, Rotator Cuff, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis
Common Muscle Imbalances - Neck
Overactive - Upper Trapezius, Sternocleidomastoid, Levator Scapulae
Common Muscle Imbalances - Neck
Underactive - Deep cervical flexors
Human Movement System (Part 1)
Movement is accomplished through the functional integrations of three systems - Nervous, Skeletal, and Muscular - These system work in concert to produce motion (kinetic) or human movement
Human Movement System (Part 2)
All components of the human movement system must work together to produce sand movement; if one component is not working well is will affect the others and cause kinetic chain impairments. If one component of the kinetic chain is not working properly, it will affect the others and ultimately affect the the movement.
The Nervous System (Part 1)
One of the main organ systems of the body and contains specialized cells that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the body.
The Nervous System (Part 2)
The nervous system is comprised of two main components 1) The Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord. 2) The Periperal Nervous System (PNS) is the nerves that communicate with the CNS.
The Nervous System - Sensory Function
Is the ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
The Nervous System - Integrative Function
Is the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, producing the appropriate response
The Nervous System - Motor Function
Is the neuromuscular response to the sensory information
The Nervous System - Proprioception
Proprioception s the body’s ability to sense the relative position of adjacent parts of the body. Training the body’s proprioception abilities will improve balance, coordination, and posture. AND enable the body to adapt to its surroundings without consciously thinking about movement - thus it becomes important to train the nervous system efficiently to ensure proper movement patterns, which enhance performance and decreases the rick of injury.
The Nervous System
Movement is a response to sensory informations and is therefore dictated by the nervous system. This reflects the importance of training in a multi sensory environment - the most effective way to create positive long-term results in clients is to directly affect (properly train) his or her nervous system.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Consists of the brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Functions: Provides a connection for the nervous system to activate bodily organs, such as muscles (Motor information). It relates information from bodily organs back to the brain, providing a constant update of the relation between the body and the environment (sensory information).
Peripheral Nervous System (Part 2)
The PNS is subdivided into the Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems
Somatic Nervous System
Consists of the nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle, and is largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement
Autonomic Nervous System
Supplies neural input to the involuntary systems of the body. It is further divided into the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems.
Muscle Spindle
Is a mechanoreceptor that is sensitive to changes in the muscular length and rate of length change
Golgi Tendon Organ
Is a mechanoreceptor that is sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change
Joint Receptors
Is a mechanoreceptor that responds to pressure, acceleration and deceleration of the joint
The Muscular System
Muscles generate internal tension which, under the control of the nervous system, manipulates the bones of out body to produce movement
Connective Tissues
Are tendons that attach the muscles to the bone. They provide the anchor from which muscles can exert forces to control the bone and joint. - Poor vascularity (blood supply) and susceptible to slower repair and adaptation.
Muscle Fibers
Contain typical cell components: Cellular plasma (sarcoplasm) - containing glycogen, fats, minerals, and oxygen-binding myoglobin, Nucleus, and Mitochondria: transforms energy from food into energy for the cell. Unlike typical cells, they have structures call myofibrils.
Muscle Fiber Types - Type I
Type I - Slow Twitch: Higher capillaries, mitochondria, myoglobin, increased oxygen delivery, smaller in size, produce less force, slow to fatigue, and long-term contractions (stabilization)
Muscle Fiber Types - Type II
Type II - Fast Twitch: Lower capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin, decreased oxygen delivery, larger in size, produce more force, quick to fatigue, and short-term contractions (force and power).
Agonist
Muscle as Mover that acts as a prime mover (concentric) - Gluteus Maximus is an agonist for hip extension
Synergist
Muscle as Mover that assists prime mover during movement (concentric) - The hamstrings and erector spine are synergistic with the gluteus maximus during hip extension
Antagonist
Muscle as Mover that work opposite to the prime mover (eccentric) - The hip flexors resist the movement of hip extension
Stabilizer
Muscle as Mover that support or stabilize the body while the prime movers and the synergists perform the movement patterns (isometric) - Transverse abdominis, internal oblique, and multifidus stabilize the LPHC during hip extension
Isolated Function - Muscles as Movers
Is the primary movement it helps create when contracting concentrically (agonist, synergist) - the gastrocnemius concentrically accelerates plantarflexon
Integrated Functions - Muscles as Movers
Are when is is contracting isometrically (stabilizer) or eccentrically (antagonist) - the gastrocnemius isometrically stabilizes the not and ankle complex AND the gastrocnemius eccentrically decelerated dorsiflexion. EX: the calf raise exercise takes the gastrocnemius through all of its isolated and integrated functions.
The Skeletal System
Is the framework of stucture and movement. It is the resting ground for the muscles. Bones form junction that are connected by muscles and connective tissue known as joints.
Divisions of the Skeletal System - Axial Skeleton
Skull, Rib Cage, and the Vertebral Column.
Divisions of the Skeletal System - Appendicular Skeleton
Upper and Lower Extremities, Shoulder and Pelvic Girdles
Joints
Provide the bones a means of being manipulated, allowing for movement throughout segments of the body. Provide stability, allowing for movement to take place without unwanted movement. All joints in the human body are linked together - movement of one joint will directly affect the motion of others.
Reciprocal Inhibition
The simultaneous contractions of one muscle and the relaxation of its antagonist to allow movement to take place. The muscles on one side of a joint relax to allow the muscle on the other side to contract appropriately. Flexibility techniques rely on this principle to develop greater range of motion in joints.
Length-Tension Relationships
The length at which a muscle can produce the greatest force. There is an optimal muscle length at which the actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomere have the greatest degree of overlap
Length-Tension Relationships - Lengthening
Lengthening a muscle beyond this optimal length and then stimulating it reduces the amount of actin and myosin overlap, reducing force production.
Length-Tension Relationships - Shortening
Shortening a muscles too much and then stimulating is places the actin and myosin in a state of maximal overlap and allows for no further movement to occur between the filaments, reducing its force output
Force-Couple Relationships
A force-couple is a synergistic action of muscles to produce movement around a joint. Common Force-Couples: Internal and external obliques rotate the truck. Upper Trapezius and lower portions of the serrates anterior rotate the scapula upward, Gluteus Maximus, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and soles produce hip, knee and ankle extension. Muscles working together for the productions of proper movement are said to be working in proper force-couple relationships.
Motor Behavior
Is how the kinetic chain is able to create and learn movements. Consists of the study of motor control and motor learning.
Motor Control
Is the study of movement. It is how the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response
