Domain 1 Flashcards
Basic and Applied Sciences and Nutritional Concepts
Kinesiology
The study of human movement
Biomechanices
The study of how forces affect a living body. Evaluation of how the body moes
Anatomic Position
Standard posture wherin the body stands upright with the arms beside the trunk, the palms face forward and the head faces forward
Ground Reaction Force
an equal and opposite external force that is exerted back onto the body
Qualitative Analysis
Applying principles of proper technique and combing them with observations in order to make an educated evaluation.
*Primary focus for the fitness professional to observe and work with clients effectively
Quantitative Analysis
Taking physical measurements and making mathematical computations to reach a conclusion
Anatomical Locations:
Anterior & Posterior
Anterior: toward or on the front side of the body
Posterior: Toward or on the back side of the body
Anatomical Locations:
Superior & Inferior
Superior: toward the head; higher
Inferior: Away from the head; lower
Anatomical Locations:
Proximal & Distal
Proximal: Closest from the center of the body or landmark
Distal: Farthest from the center of the body or landmakr
Anatomical Locations:
Medial & Lateral
Medial: Toward the midline of the body
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body; to the side
Anatomical Locations:
Contralateral & Ipsilateral
Contralateral: Body part located on the opposite side of the body
Ipsilateral: Body part located on the same side of the body
Planes & Axes of Motion:
- Define; Sagittal Plane
- What Exercises Involve This Plane
- Divides the body into the right and left sides.
- Flexion and extension exercises are primarily involved in this plane: squats, bicep curls, triceps pushdown, walking and running
Planes & Axes of Motion:
- Define; Frontal Plane
- What Exercises Involve This Plane
- Divides the body into anterior & posterior portions
- Vertical and lateral movements occur in this plane (abduction & adduction): jumping jacks, overhead press, lateral raises and windmills
Planes & Axes of Motion:
- Transverse Plane
- What Exercises Involve This Plane
- Divides the body into superior and inferior portions
2. Horizontal & rotational movements take place in the transverse plane: trunk rotation and swinging a bat
Planes & Axes of Motion:
- Medial-lateral axis
- What Exercises Involve This Plane
- straight line that cuts through the body laterally side to side. Rotation happens around the axis
- Hip hinge
Planes & Axes of Motion:
- Anterior-posterior Axis
- What Exercises Involve This Plane
- Straight line that cuts through the body from front to back. In the frontal plane, rotation happens around this axis
- Raising an arm laterally
Planes & Axes of Motion:
- Longitudinal axis
- What Exercises Involve This Plane
- Straight line that cuts through the body from top to body. Rotation around a longitudinal axis takes place in the transverse plane
- Spinal rotation with twisting of the trunk
The plane in which an exercise occurs is in relation to:
the body not the position of the body
jumping jacks while standing and making a snow angel while lying = both frontal plane movements
Types of Movement (w/ examples):
Open Chain Movements
Occur when a distal segment (hand or food) moves in space
bicep curls, lying triceps extensions, leg curls
Types of Movement (w/ examples):
Closed Chain Movement
Occur when distal segments are fixed in place
push up, pull up, squat, deadlift and lunges
Types of Movement:
Sagittal Plane Movements
include flexion, extension, hyper-extension, dorsifelxion and plantar flexion joint actions
Types of Movement:
Frontal Plane Movements
Include the following joint actions: abduction and adduction, lateral flexion at the spine, and eversion and inversion of the foot
Types of Movement:
Transverse Plane Movements
internal and external rotation pronation and supnation and horizontal abduction and adduction as well as scapular retraction and protraction
Types of Movement:
Range of Motion (ROM)
the amount of movement produced by one or more joints
Types of Movement (w/ examples):
Multijoint Movements V.S Multiplanar Movements
Multijoint - using 2 or more joints to perform the movement
Multiplanar - occurs in more than one plane of motion
Types of Movement (w/ examples):
What movements set clients up for long-term success and why?
Incorporating functional exercises that include both multijoint and multiplanar movements mimic ADL’s
Supine v.s Prone Position
laying face up - supine
laying face down - prone
Flexion v.s Extension
F: Movement involving a decrease in joint angle (toward / closer)
E: Movement involving an increase in joint angle (extended/away/further)
Abbduction v.s Abduction
Abbduction: Movment toward the mid line of the body (usually in frontal plane)
Abduction: Movement toward midline of the body (usually in the frontal plane)
Plantar Flexion v.s Dorsiflexion
P: movement at the ankle joint that points the foot downward (i.e a ballerina)
D: movement at the ankle join that points the foot upwards toward the leg
What type of movement is needed during sprinting to ensure proer front-side mechanics?
Dorsiflexion
Inversion v.s Eversion
I: movement of the food which causes the sole of the foot to face inwards
E: Movement of the foot which causes the sole of the food to face outwards
Supination of the Foot v.s Pronation of the Foot
s: combination of planter flexion, inversion and adduction
p: combo of dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction
Hyperextension
Movement that extends the angle of a joint greater than normal
Rotation
right or left twist in the transverse plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement
Circumduction
A compound circular movement involving flexion, extension, abduction & adduction, circumscribing a cone shape.
Define;
Force
a push or pull that can create, stop or change movement
Define;
Kinetics
the study of forces
What Makes Up Force?
Acceleration x Mass = Force
What is a Lever?
a relatively rigid rod or bar that rotates around a fulcrum (pivot point).
There are 3 different types of lever classes where an effort of force and resistance are applied
First Class Lever is
applied on one side and a resistance is applied on the other side (muscles on opposite side of joint worked)
i.e a seesaw with someone at each end
Second Class Lever is
The fulcrum is toward the end of one side (either side). Both the applied force and the resistance are on the same side with resistance closer to the fulcrum (pivot point)
i.e calf raise, ball of foot is a fulcrum and weight of body is the resistance, and the calf muscle applies the force
Third Class Lever is
The fulcrum is toward the end of one side (either side). Both the applied force and the resistance are on the same side with the applied force closer to the fulcrum (pivot point).
i/e the top hand is the fulcrum as the other hand applies the force to pick up the gravel (resistance) when scooping up gravel - or - dumbell biceps curl
The human movement system is
compromised of the following 3 interwoven systems that allow our bodies to move:
Nervous, Muscular and Skeletal Systems
The nervous system provides
provides a communication network within the human body. It is the conductor and the muscles are the orchestra
Central Nervous System (CNS) is the division of…
What’s it’s primary function?
the nervous system comprising the brain and the spinal cord.
Primary Function: coordinate the activity of all parts of the body
Peripheral Nervous System is the portion of the nervous system that is…
What’s the Peripheral Nervous Systems primary function?
outside the brain and spinal cod (somatic &visceral)
Primary Function: connect the CNS to the limbs and organs serving as a communication relay with the rest of the body
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is the part of the nervous system responsible for
Control of bodily functions not consciously directed
i.e breathing, heart beating and digestive processes
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is part of what system?
What is it responsible for?
The Autonomic Nervous System
Flight of Fight response
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) is part of what system?
What is it responsible for?
autonomic nervous system
rest and digestion
A Neuron is the ___ unit of the ____ system.
What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?
A neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system.
3 main parts: cell body, axon and dendrites
Efferent Neurons v.s Afferent Neurons
Efferent neurons are motor neurons that send a message for muscles to contract (the cause/effect of movement.
Afferent Neurons: nerve impulses that move toward the spinal cord and brain from periphery of the body and sensory in nature
Mechanorecpetionsrs are sensory receptors responsible for…
sensing distortion in body tissue
Joint receptors respond to:
Pressure
Acceleration
Deceleration
… of the joint
Define; Proprioception
Cumulative sensory input TO the CNS from all mechanorecpetors that sense body position and limb movements
