Doing psychology Flashcards
What is science based on?
Science is based on observation of facts (independent of view)
What concept did Wilfrid Sellars come up with? and what does it refer to?
Came up with the concept of the ‘myth of given’ which refers to mental states being seemingly knowable but actually rely on prior concepts.
What does operationalisation do?
It defines a given concept in terms of the process of measurement.
When there is evidence of convergence, what are the different measures regarded as?
Regarded as being of the same thing.
How did qualitative measures come about?
Emerged as the result of the attempt to address the problems associated with standard methods, as an approach that was not limited by the demands of quantification and experiment.
What is the aim of quantitative research?
Aim is to make predictions or establish general laws about human behaviour/ cognition (i.e. establish causes/correlation)
What does quantitative research involve?
Involves quantifying cognitions and behaviours and following the controlled procedures such as running experiments or conducting correlational studies.
How is the data analysed from quantitative research?
It is analysed statistically.
What is the aim of qualitative research?
Aim is to get close to the real life experiences or activities of people.
What do the methodologies of qualitative research involve?
It involves getting out, watching and recording in detail what people are doing and saying, talking to people about their experiences, their views etc.
What does qualitative research require?
It involves collecting qualitative data.
What does analysis of qualitative research aim to capture?
It aims to capture how people give meaning to their experiences and how they perform activities.
What are research questions?
They are what you want to know/learn about a topic or phenomenon i.e. researcher’s interest.
What are research methodologies?
They are tools that researchers can use to answer different research questions.
What are quantitative research question?
They are on how cognitive processes work, the causes and correlations of cognitions, and surveying specific population e.g. students.
What are qualitative research questions?
They are about understanding how people experience a specific feeling and how people interact with each other.
What are the different types of qualitative data?
Some require the intervention of the researcher whilst others don’t require intervention.
What are the different types of general qualitative analysis methods?
Thematic analysis and grounded theory
What are the different types of analysis of language or speech?
Conversation analysis and discursive psychology.
What are the different types of analysis of life stories, experiences?
Narrative analysis, interpretative phenomenological analysis.
What is thematic analysis?
It is a qualitative method of analysis which aims at capturing what is being said.
What does thematic analysis enable?
It enables to identify a limited number of themes which adequately reflect the data.
What can thematic analysis be?
It can be deductive, inductive, or both.
What is deductive thematic analysis?
These themes reflect existing theories or concepts and coding involves developing a code book.
What is inductive thematic analysis?
These themes are generated from the data and aim at staying as close as possible to the meaning of the data.
What are open ended questions?
They are questions set up by researchers that allow respondents to answer the question in their own way, using their own words.
What are the three different types of open questions?
Specific, broad and very broad.
What is a specific open question?
Respondents are asked about a particular piece of info. e.g. what was the main problem you encountered with your undergrad studies.
What is a broad open question?
Respondents can provide a whole range of answers e.g. what do you think are the reasons for internet bullying?
What is a very broad open question?
It is a non-directive question about respondents experience of the overall topic of the questionnaire. e.g. anything else you would like to say about your eating habits?
What are the steps of thematic analysis?
1 - familiarizing with the data 2 - generating codes 3- searching for themes 4- reviewing the themes 5- defining and naming themes 6- producing an analysis
What do psychological descriptions reflect?
They reflect theoretical assumptions about the nature of mental phenomena
What do psychological aims determine?
They determine the psychological knowledge that’s produced
What is applied psychology?
It is a scientific study applied to the real world.
What do psychologists call boundary work?
This is where psychologists distinguish what they do from other forms of psychological knowledge that have been labelled ‘unscientific’ or ‘pseudo-scientific’
Who founded the first American psychological department?
G. S. Hall
What is the purpose of psychology of advertising?
The aim is to attract new customers and increase sales
What is the aim of industrial psychology?
Increase productivity by improving worker efficiency, reducing fatigue, adapting work environment and so on.
When was the psychological corporation founded and who was the president?
It was founded in 1921 with its president J. M. Cattell
What does ethics refer to?
Ethics refers to the correct rules of conduct necessary when carrying out research.
What does ‘research ethics’ refer to?
It refers to the moral principles guiding research from its inception through to completion and publication of results.
What are the three basic principles shared by all ethics codes?
1- respect for people’s rights and dignity
2- respectability
3- integrity
What does respect for people’s rights and dignity mean in terms of the principles for ethics codes?
Scientist and researchers must respect the dignity and worth of people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, full information, and self-determination.
What does respectability mean in terms of the principles for ethics codes?
Scientists and researchers are aware of the responsibilities to the colleagues, students, and participants, and to the institution and the society in which they work and live.
They must safeguard the psychological health of people they work with and avoid doing harm.
They are aware of the limits of their competence and expertise and of the consequences of their decisions and actions.
What does integrity mean in terms of the principles for ethics codes?
Scientists and researchers ensure and promote honesty, transparency, fairness and truthfulness in research practice, and knowledge dissemination.
They contrast fraud, plagiarism, and falsification.
They avoid and solve any conflicts of interest and do not accept funders and sponsors that could limit their autonomy and freedom.
What are the six steps that you need to consider in both applying and carrying out ethically approved research?
1- informed consent
2- freedom from coercion
3- protection from physical and psychological harm
4- protection of privacy, confidentiality, or anonymity
5- the risk-benefit rule
6 - debriefing
