Dog First Aid 1 Flashcards
How to deal with Haemorrhage
The main objective is to apply pressure to temporarily control blood flow until professional help can be sought.
This can be achieved by:
Placing firm pressure over pressure points (without totally cutting off the blood supply).
This helps to temporarily slow the blood flow down by placing the fingers directly on to the site of blood loss.
To help prevent infection, where possible, wear disposable gloves.
Pressure Points
BRACHIAL ARTERY: This vessel supplies blood to the fore-limbs.
FEMORAL ARTERY: This vessel supplies blood to the hind-limbs.
COCCYGEAL ARTERY: This vessel supplies blood to the tail.
Haemorrhage:
What to do if blood seeps through the bandage?
DO NOT remove it. Reapply another layer on top because removing it can disturb a blood clot.
Applying a pressure bandage:
What care is needed for limb bandages?
For limb bandages try and include the whole foot as this helps with circulation.
Always start at the foot and roll the bandage up the limb including the joint above the area to be bandaged.
Cover each “throw” of bandage by ½ to 2/3rds of the previous “throw”(refer to diagrams and video demonstrations).
Leaving a bandage in place, that is too tight, can act like a _________ and cause ___________!
Remember that leaving a bandage in place, that is too tight, can act like a tourniquet and cause death of tissue!
Hypovolaemic shock
Hypovolaemic shock 低血容量休克 –
A lowering of the circulating blood volume due to haemorrhage or a significant loss of body fluid due to severe vomiting and diarrhoea.
Shock
- definition?
- signs?
- treatments?
Definition:
Shock -
A state of serious (and usually sudden) circulatory collapse where the circulation is unable to deliver sufficient oxygen to meet the body’s requirements.
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Signs:
- Rapid breathing.
- Rapid and weak pulse rate (up to 220 beats per minute in the dog).
- Low body temperature.
- Pale mucous membranes (e.g. evident in the gums).
——————————————————
Treatment:
Immediate first aid intervention for the underlying cause of shock is important but the following basic steps should be followed whilst waiting for veterinary attention:
- Keep the patient warm (blankets or foil life covers).
- Prevent further stress.
- Observe your patient and monitor closely.
- Record all your findings and report them to the veterinary surgeon.
General wounds:
In the absence of shock, blood loss or evidence of damage to underlying tissues:
- Remove any contaminating material.
- Gently clip away any hair using CURVED, BLUNT ENDED scissors, preventing the hairs from entering the wound where possible.
- Flush the wound copiously with sterile saline.
- Cover the wound with a sterile dressing and bandage it in place.
- Seek veterinary attention.
- Puncture wounds may be caused by teeth embedding the skin during a dog fight or by a sharp object piercing the skin. Although they may not look serious these types of wound will often become infected.
Puncture wounds can be potentially serious (especially over the chest and abdomen) so veterinary attention is always necessary.
Debris
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈdeb.riː/ /ˈdeɪ.briː/
broken or torn pieces of something larger
Debris from the aircraft was scattered over a large area.
saline
noun [ U ] /ˈseɪ.laɪn/
a liquid mixture of salt and pure water, used to kill bacteria or to replace liquid lost from the body:
a saline flush
What to do with Wounds with Foreign Bodies?
A foreign body (FB) can enter a wound. A FB could be anything from grit, dirt or shards of glass to larger objects like large sticks or debris from a vehicle following a road traffic accident.
- A saline flush can help to remove the FB from the wound prior to covering it with a sterile dressing, held in place with a simple bandage.
- Splinters
For splinters that are clearly visible and not deeply embedded in the wound, you can grasp the end. Use sterile tweezers to pull it out making sure it is in the reverse direction that it went in. Flush with saline and cover and bandage as necessary.
- Larger Foreign Bodies
If a wound has evidence of a larger foreign body, driven deep or impaled inside the wound it is usually better to leave it there.
This is because:
- It may cause more tissue damage when being taken out.
- The pressure exerted by the foreign body may be compressing a large vessel and therefore preventing blood loss.
In these cases, LEAVE IT IN PLACE but cover it over with a sterile dressing.
For wounds that require a bandage, it is important to place, or fashion, a ring-pad (see pictures 1 – 3) on top of and around the circumference of the wound.
This helps to prevent the FB being driven further into the wound, causing pain and potential complications.
- In all cases, seek prompt veterinary advice and attention.
dew claws
the claws that grow on the lower limbs that do not make contact with the ground
What to do with Broken/Damaged Claws?
In many dogs, dew claws tend to protrude which can make them more vulnerable.
When a nail is badly damaged, like human fingernails, the damaged nail will not regrow so it will need removing. However, once removed, a new nail will grow. Sometimes the new nail can be slightly deformed.
What to do?
If the nail is hanging off, it will need removing (see pictures). Because this is likely to be painful and bleed, this should be done by the vet so contact the surgery for an appointment.
Removal of the nail may or may not require surgery. This is dependent upon the extent of damage to the joint and the surrounding tissue.
First Aid Care
These injuries are not usually life-threatening. However, they can bleed quite a lot so immediate first aid requires that you cover the nail with a light dressing and bandage.
If the nail is hanging off at an awkward angle, use a ring-pad dressing over the top of it to prevent pain and discomfort.
*Seek veterinary advice and attention.
Examples of poisonous agents:
- Antifreeze (Ethylene Glycol)
- Rat poison
- Some plants including – Daffodil bulbs, fox gloves
- Slug pellets (Metaldehyde)
- Wood preservatives
- Some Disinfectants
- Over the counter drugs such as Paracetamol and Ibuprofen
- Some Weed killers
- Engine oil
- Chocolate – the higher the cocoa content the worse intoxication, including cocoa mulch used in the garden landscaping
- Onions
- Raisins & Grapes
- Carbon monoxide
- Nicotine – e- cigarettes
- Xylitol (an artificial sweetener used in some cakes, sweets and a range of other human low calorie foodstuffs) Listed as E967
- Essential oils (when concentrated but note that certain oils, can be harmful even when diluted)
Common effects of poisoning:
There are a range of symptoms vary depending on the individual and on the amount of poison ingested. However some common signs include:
- Vomiting – observe the colour as some rat poisons are commonly dyed blue or green.
- Diarrhoea.
- Excessive salivation.
- Seizures and other neurological changes affecting behaviour.
- Bleeding internally and externally.
- Collapse and coma.
- Unconsciousness.
- Salivating.
- Depression.
- Hypothermia –low body temperature.
- Respiratory abnormalities.
- Changes to pulse.
What to do if you suspect poisoning?
- Identify the poison – look at the ingredients on the label.
- Contact the vet.
- Take as much information about the poison to the vets or relay over the telephone.
- Observe the vomit – rat poisons are commonly dyed blue or green.
- Smell the breath and check for any residual poison around the mouth.
- Try and estimate the amount of poison that has been ingested.
- Follow any advice on the manufacturer’s label.
- Remove the source of poison by the recommended method (e.g. if contaminating the coat).
- Making the animal vomit is generally not recommended.
- Induce vomiting ONLY under veterinary direction.
*Emetic an emetic is an agent used to induce vomiting.
*Although some text books suggest using sodium chloride (salt) and powdered mustard, these should not be used.
Essential Oil Poisoning
- Signs?
*Signs of poisoning can occur within 2–8 hours and typically less than 24 hours but can initially be mild and easily overlooked.
Signs of ingestion can include:
- Hypersalivation
- Depression and lethargy
- Weakness and tremors
- Partial paralysis (hind limbs usually)
- Abdominal discomfort
- Vomiting
- Hypothermia
- In severe cases there may be collapse, coma and convulsions
- The breath, vomitus, urine and faeces may smell strongly of the oil.
Essential oils are also irritant to the skin and may cause redness, dermatitis, itchiness, rash, hair loss, or burns.
Treatment for ingestion of Essential Oil:
*Prompt veterinary treatment is important.
Veterinary treatment depends on the symptoms and the amount ingested but may include:
- Fluid therapy (a drip)
- Close observations
- Sometimes activated charcoal is given which helps absorb the toxin
- A blood sample may be taken to check for liver and kidney damage
- Drugs to help with neurological signs
*NEVER induce vomiting because there is a risk of aspiration pneumonia.
Treatment for skin/coat contamination from Essential Oil:
- Prompt removal is essential using soapy water (but don’t let the dog drink the water)
- Tea tree oil has a strong odour, so this can be used as a guide to determine the effectiveness of removal
- Make sure you concentrate on the area rather than wetting the dog all over as this can lead to hypothermia.
- Prevent further self-grooming by using an Elizabethan collar.
- The dog should be examined by the vet promptly for any signs of skin irritation or evidence of aspiration, e.g. coughing, noisy breathing (which could occur following ingestion or possibly from grooming)
Seawater Poisoning
Signs and Treatment:
Although seawater isn’t in itself a poison, under the definition of poisoning, and if enough is ingested, it can be categorised as such.
Seawater contains a great deal of salt (sodium chloride). As the body fluids have a fine balance of this in the cells, excessive amounts can alter the composition leading to dehydration and organ failure.
Signs include:
- Diarrhoea
- Vomiting
- Lethargy
- Tremors and fits
- Drinking excessive amounts of water
- Dehydration
- Death (in some cases and without prompt treatment)
Treatment:
- This is an emergency so veterinary attention must be sought as soon as possible.
- During transportation to the veterinary surgery follow the treatment for shock
The aim of veterinary treatment is to replace water and electrolytes through an intra-venous-infusion.
Anaphylactic shock
Signs and Treatment:
noun [ U ] /æn.ə.fɪlˌæk.tɪk ˈʃɒk/
a rare, immediate allergic reaction to something eaten or entering the bloodstream via a vaccine, certain medications or stings and bites. It causes an abnormal distribution of body-fluids due to dilation (widening) of the blood vessels.
*Anaphylactic shock can be life threatening so immediate veterinary attention is required.
Signs:
- Increased pulse rate.
- Poor pulse quality.
- Respiratory distress
- Sometimes facial swelling can be seen
- Red mucous membranes
- Initially a rapid capillary refill time (CRT) but progressively decreasing.
- Seizures (fits).
- Collapse.
Treatment:
Adrenaline (also known as Epinephrine) should be given by your vet as soon as possible – we are talking within a few minutes. Other treatments include intra-venous fluids, oxygen therapy, and other medications as needed.
If a dog has already had a reaction, such as anaphylaxis, or hives/ swellings after being given a substance, the substance should be avoided.
Adder bites
Signs and Treatment
The European adder is a venomous snake found in certain parts of the UK. They are more likely to be active in the summer months.
Common sites for bite injuries include the limbs and around the muzzle. fortunately fatalities are very rare.
Signs:
- Rapid swelling and inflammation.
- Pain (lameness or pawing at mouth and muzzle).
- Evidence of fang marks may be seen.
- Lethargy.
- Anaphylactic shock is a possibility and can be fatal (although it is rare).
- We will be looking at anaphylactic shock in a later module.
Treatment:
Whilst waiting for veterinary attention.
- Apply a cold compress/ ice packs.
- An anti-venom for adder bites is available (Zagreb) from your veterinary surgeon.
- Bandage the limb to prevent movement and further swelling.
- Treat for shock.
Stings (Bees & Wasps)
Signs and Treatment
Signs:
- Intense pawing at mouth / biting limb.
- Swelling and inflammation.
- Pain.
- Difficulty breathing (if the sting is in the mouth or throat).
- Anaphylactic shock (rare).
Treatment:
- Apply a cold compress/ apply ice pack
- Bee stings – bathe in a solution of 1 teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda in 250mls water.
- Wasp stings –bathe in a solution of vinegar & water (50:50 solution).
- Treat for shock.
- If the swelling does not reduce contact vet
Jellyfish Stings
Signs and Treatment
Signs:
- Vomiting or retching
- Swelling around the throat/ difficulty swallowing/ choking
- Coughing
- Hypersalivation
- Irritation around the mouth (or feet if pawed)
- Licking parts of the skin that have been stung
- Twitching and tremors
Treatment:
- Because of the possibility of swelling in the throat which could occlude the airway – prompt veterinary attention should be sought.
- Treatment varies depending on the species of jellyfish and severity of the signs. If possible take a photo of the jellyfish to aid identification.
- During transportation to the veterinary surgery treat for shock and apply ice packs to the affected areas to reduce swelling (this includes around the outside of the throat to prevent occlusion of the airway).
How much water should a dog drink per day?
As a rule of thumb, they should drink around 50 to 60ml of water per kilogramme of body weight each day.
Is my dog dehydrated?
The signs of dehydration in dogs include:
- Sunken eyes
- Dry gums
- Lethargy
- Weakness
- Collapse
- Loss of skin elasticity
Dogs that are usually Barrel-Chested
Boston Terrier
Boxer
English Bulldog
French Bulldog
Keeshond
Mastiff
Pit Bull
Pug
Rottweiler
Staffordshire Bull Terrier
If you are performing CPR by yourself, you should perform _____ cardiac compressions and
then administer ____ breaths
If you are performing CPR by yourself, you should perform 30 cardiac compressions and
then administer 2 breaths (30:2)
*Artificial Respiration (Mouth to Nose Breathing/Mouth to Snout Ventilation):
1. Mouth is tightly closed
2. Head and Neck extended and straight
*Remember the Main Points!
- Begin cardiac massage FIRST
- Push hard
- Push fast ( 2 compressions per second)
- Allow full chest recoil
- Minimise disruptions
- Switch operators every 2 minutes to prevent fatigue (where possible)
https://youtube.com/clip/UgkxYhPk2hZKar8kIZMm3VcuM3dAN437jguE
CPR Compression Position for different dogs
Round chest: This applies to most dogs (Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, etc.). Put your hands on the widest portion of the chest, at the widest, highest point or top of the dome shape.
Keel-shaped chest: Greyhounds, Doberman Pinschers and some German Shepherds have this type of chest. With your dog on his side, pull his elbow back across his chest about one-third of the way toward her shoulder; his elbow will point to the location of her heart.
Small dogs: If your dog’s chest is small enough to fit in your hand, wrap one hand around her chest and squeeze, which will result in one-handed compressions.
Barrel chest: For barrel-chested dogs, such as an English Bulldog or Pug, place your hands on his sternum (breastbone) at the centre of his chest, similar to where you would place your hands on a human’s chest.
Anatomy of the eye
Anatomy of the ear
Cleaning the ear
- Put the dog’s rear end in the corner
- Hold the ear up like a Dobermann
- You pour the ear cleaner in until there’s a fluid line. Hold the ear up all the time.
- Hold the ear up and massage way down the horizontal ear canal until you hear a smacking sound.
- Stirring it up by making that smacking sound. You can fill it up again if you have to.
- Use your finger with wipes/towel to massage inside the ear to wipe out what you can.
- Let the dog shake its head and empty the rest of the ear.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4odbAlDRiz0
A burn is caused by ______________
A scald is caused by ______________
Some plants, like _________, contain chemical compounds in their sap which can be caustic
- A burn is caused by dry heat (e.g. fire, hot appliances or chemical burns).
- A scald is caused by moist heat (steam, hot liquids).
- Some plants, like Giant Hogweed, contain chemical compounds in their sap which can be caustic
Ticks
Prevention and Treatment?
*The most common tick to affect the dog is the sheep tick (Ixodes Ricinus) although the hedgehog tick (Ixodes hexagonus) may also be picked up whilst out on walks.
*As ticks twist in clockwise they must be removed anti-clockwise to ensure all tick is removed
Prevention and Treatment:
- Carry out regular anti-parasite treatments to repel and/or kill the tick.
- Individual ticks can be safely removed with a suitable device (see video).
- The tick must be attached for at least 24 hours for it to transmit disease so prompt removal is important.
- If you are on a long walk or away on holiday always carry a suitable device so that you can remove the tick quickly.
- Finally – check your dog as well as your own skin after a countryside walk. In man, wearing long trousers will help prevent them from attaching to your skin.
Making a physical examination of the animal & measuring vital signs
- Start from the head to the tail.
- Apply the ABC principles.
- Airway:
- Check that the airway has no obstructions.
- Is there any bleeding or excessive saliva in the mouth that could block the airway?
- If the dog is collapsed and there is no response begin CPR without delay.
- To unblock an airway (if the dog is choking) you will need to gain access to the mouth safely.
- Improvise a gag by placing the drum of a bandage over the top and bottom canine teeth (the ones that look like fangs). This helps to wedge open the mouth.
- To protect your fingers use gardening or leather gloves.
- Common objects that can occlude an airway include balls & sticks.
- Spoons can be a useful aid to help dislodge a foreign body as they are long, blunt and the shape can help to dislodge foreign bodies. Take care not to damage the soft tissues at the back of the throat.
- For larger dogs it can sometimes help to lift the hind legs, using gravity to help dislodge the foreign body.
- Carry out the heimlich manoeuvre. (Heimlich Manoeuvre should not be carried out on puppies or small breeds of dog, to avoid rupturing the diaphragm.)
- Breathing
- Is the animal breathing?
- Is it laboured, shallow, irregular?
- Are the gums pale or a blue/ grey colour? This indicates a lack of oxygen.
- The normal respiration rate (RR) for the dog is 10-15 breaths per minute.
*Cyanosis is the term used to describe blueish grey mucous membranes.
What do I need to measure the respiration rate (RR)?
- You will need a watch with a second hand to monitor the rate accurately.
- Make a note of your patient’s RR and monitor regularly.
- In the shocked animal the RR can initially be very rapid.
- Each inspiration and expiration is counted as one breath (not two).
- The RR should be measured when the patient is at rest.
- Circulation
- This tells us whether the animal’s heart is functioning properly and how well blood and oxygen is being distributed around the body through the circulatory system.
- Is there a pulse?
- What is the character of the pulse? Is it rapid, slow, weak or irregular?
- The normal pulse rate for the dog is approximately 70 – 160 beats per minute depending on its size.
- Larger dogs have a slower pulse when compared to smaller breeds.
Where do I locate the pulse?
- The femoral artery is the easiest pulse point to locate (refer to diagram).
- If the dog has pelvic or hind limb injuries use the carpal pulse point (equivalent to our wrist).
- Take a note of the pulse and monitor it every 5 minutes.
- If you do not have a second hand you can still assess the character of the pulse.
- For example, is the pulse weak, strong, irregular?
- In most cases of trauma the pulse is rapid but weak and thready (difficult to locate) and therefore it can be hard to detect.
Body Temperature
- How to?
- A thermometer is required for an accurate reading however you can still make a general assessment of the patient by feeling their extremities.
- Cold paws and ear tips may indicate a drop in body temperature.
- Low body temperature can be an indication of shock.
- Keep your patient warm – use blankets, coats or ideally a silver life blanket.
- The normal temperature of the dog is generally between 38.3 – 39.2 degrees centigrade.
How to make a temperature?
1. Restrain: hold the dog under the chin, hold him close to your body, use the other hand underneath the abdomen and hook him in towards you.
2. You need: a pair of gloves, a thermometer, lubricant, cotton wool to clean the thermometer.
3. Put on gloves and lubricate the end of the thermometer.
4. Take the root of the tail and lift that up.
5. Insert the thermometer in a clockwise direction. No more than a centimetre.
6. When you go in, twist that thermometer clockwise, slightly bend towards the side, slightly up, touch the side of the rectum.
7. Once you get your reading, gently remove it clockwise and clean it with the cotton wool.
Mucous Membranes (MM) and their significance in making an assessment of the patient
Mucous membranes (MM) secrete mucus and line many parts of the body. MM in the mouth (gums and inside the lips) and the eyes (conjunctivae) can provide important information about how the body systems are working.
Mucous membranes should be moist and a nice healthy pink colour. This helps to tell us that the animal is well hydrated and that the circulation is reaching the extremities of the body.
Some breeds of dog such as the Chow Chow have dark pigment in the mouth and the tongue. This is perfectly normal but can make it more difficult to assess the colour and capillary refill time (CRT) – see below for a full description.
Approaching a Dog
Approaching a Dog
*Remember that dogs that are in pain may bite.
When approaching a strange dog or even your own, if they are shocked and in pain, will provoke a reaction. It pays to think about the following:
- Assess the location the dog is in – You must think of your own safety!
- Ensure the area is safe.
- On your approach avoid direct eye contact as it heightens the dog’s arousal and could trigger a flight or an aggressive response.
- Adopt a non-aggressive body posture by presenting a low profile on approach.
- Movements should remain calm and slow.
- Do not display gestures that the dog will perceive as threatening
How to put on an emergency muzzle?
Other things to consider:
In an emergency, you might need to improvise using items such as a bandage, hair ribbon, lady’s tights, or a belt. Ideally, you would require someone else to help restrain the dog for you.
- Start with a loop.
- Tightly enough so the dog can’t bite you, but not too tight so they can still breathe
- With cross under the chin, and bring it back behind the ears.
- Tie a BOW so it’s easy to remove.
- Before removing it, quickly assess the dog and see if there’s any signs of aggression.
*DO NOT USE A MUZZLE IN THE FOLLOWING CIRCUMSTANCES:
- If the dog is having difficulty breathing
- Has evidence of facial injuries
Other things to consider:
- Do not leave on for prolonged periods of time.
- A muzzle should only be used if you need to carry out a life-saving procedure or move the animal without being bitten.
- The application of a muzzle is safer with 2 people – one to restrain the patient.
- Muzzles may not be suitable for dog breeds with short muzzles, e.g. bulldogs. Instead you can use a towel placed around the neck and under the chin to control the head.
Restraining a dog for examination
To supplement approach and restraint you can use:
- A calming tone of voice
- Your physical movements and body-language (to ensure you pose no threat)
- Be attentive to the dog’s reactions.
- Keep your face away from the dog’s face.
Procedure:
1. With the dog in a standing position – slide one hand and arm around and under their throat
2. Place the other hand and arm in front of the hind legs and wrap your arm around their lower abdomen.
3. Bring the dog close to your body so that you have firm (but not too tight) contact. This very often helps to make a dog feel safer, especially if they are on an examination table.
4. Another person can now carry out an examination (making sure they do not approach head on and maintaining a calm demeanour)
*Restraining a dog is a skill and should be practised on a manikin or your own dog (if safe to do so)
*If severe injuries are suspected do not delay by carrying out your own examination – seek veterinary attention immediately!
Transporting an injured dog
Carrying and safely handling a dog
A spinal injury is suspected if the dog has collapsed and is not able to move. If the dog is unconscious we must assume that there is a spinal injury.
If a spinal injury is suspected DO NOT attempt to move the dog UNLESS leaving it will cause further injuries or threaten life.
Get telephone advice from your veterinary surgeon. If they cannot attend to the accident quickly they may recommend that you move the dog.

How to safely pull a dog onto a stretcher?
The objective when moving a collapsed dog is:
- To ensure that the spinal column stays as straight as possible.
- To support the neck and drag the animal onto a rigid board.
- The board will act as a stretcher so that they can be moved to safety.
You can improvise using a parcel shelf from the back of a vehicle or anything that is rigid and will support the spine. Blankets are not suitable.
Some breeds of dog, like the b_________, have very loose eyelids that turn outward. This condition is called _________. Whereas some breeds of dog, like the Sharpei have eyelids that turn inward. This condition is call _________.
Some breeds of dog, like the Bloodhound, have very loose eyelids that turn outward. This condition is called Ectropion. Whereas some breeds of dog, like the Sharpei have eyelids that turn inward. This condition is call Entropion.
Dogs with ectropion tend to suffer from eye infections and dogs with entropion tend to suffer from irritation caused by eyelashes rubbing on the surface of the eye (cornea). A surgical procedure can be carried out to rectify both conditions.
How to apply medication to the eye
If your dog has been prescribed drops or ointment it is important to follow the steps below to prevent injury or cross-infection:
- Good restraint is important so ask someone to help
- Wash your hands (or wear gloves if advised by your vet)
- Tilt the head back slightly
- Avoid approaching the dog head on as this is likely to cause resistance
- When applying drops: gently pull the upper and lower lids apart using your fingers.
- Apply the drops, as directed, onto the surface of the eye and release the lid.
- When applying ointment: gently pull down the eye lid to expose the inner canthus (this is the inner part of the lower lid).
- Administer the medication. Once the lid is released, the ointment will be distributed when the dog blinks.
*To avoid injury and cross-contamination do not touch the surface of the eye with the nozzle of the medication or your fingers.
Breed Susceptibility to Eye Problems
Breed Susceptibility
Certain breeds of dog may be more susceptible to problems depending on the anatomy of the eye itself.
For example those dogs with protruding eyes such as the Pekinese, Pug and King Charles Spaniel can be more prone to ocular injuries and infections.
Some breeds, like the Lhasa Apso, have folds around the eyes and this can cause the hairs to rub onto the clear membrane on the surface of the eye (cornea). This can be extremely painful and over time can lead to ulceration and damage.
Breeds of dog with protruding eyes are more susceptible to injury and diseases
Breeds of dog that have very exaggerated features as shown in the diagram can, in certain traumatic circumstances, suffer from the eyeball prolapsing altogether. However this can also happen to any dog if the orbit of the skull (the part of the skull that houses the eyeball) suffers a fracture.
