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NZ Vet Nursing: Animal Behaviour/Nutrition > Dog Behaviour/Handling > Flashcards

Dog Behaviour/Handling Flashcards

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1
Q

What occurs at 5 weeks old?

A
  • start to eat solid food

- spend most of time playing

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2
Q

What occurs at ages 8-12 weeks?

A
  • eager to approach new things, learn
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3
Q

What occurs at 4 months?

A
  • adult dogs less tolerant of puppy behavior

- puppy more confident, more likely to wander and challenge

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4
Q

What usually occurs in development at 6 months?

A
  • near sexual maturity
  • hormones released
  • other dogs will treat as adult
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5
Q

What occurs developmentally at 18-24 months?

A
  • social maturity

- still needs continued exposure to reinforce

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6
Q

What are examples of dog behavior that are derived from wolf behaviors?

A 
retrieving
carrying
guarding
digging
games - wrestling
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7
Q

What is bite inhibition?

A

learning to control pressure of bite - usually learned during play

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8
Q

Where must dogs learn to inhibit bite force?

A
  • with people
  • with other dogs
  • with other animals
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9
Q

What are some reasons why dogs bark?

A
  • announce presence of others
  • frustration/lonely
  • get attention
  • barking for distance communication
  • communicate with people
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10
Q

What do dogs use scent for?

A
  • communication
  • identification
  • doggie newspaper
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11
Q

What is urine marking?

A
  • dog communication

- small amount of urine

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12
Q

What is the main method dogs use to communicate?

A

body language

-combination of postures/signals

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13
Q

What is it important to remember when reading dog body language?

A

You must look at all postures being exhibited to decipher

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14
Q

What are the 2 points to consider when reading body language?

A
  • the context/events/conditions

- the body language/signals being exhibited

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15
Q

What does a direct gaze indicate?

A
  • challenge
  • confidence
  • absence of threat
  • wants you to move away
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16
Q

What is a transitional sensory time for puppies?

A

3 weeks old when eyes and ears open

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17
Q

What age is optimal to expose to new stimuli?

A

10-16 weeks

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18
Q

what ages can dogs be socialized with people?

A

5-12 weeks

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19
Q

During what age is dog socilization especially important?

A

3-8 weeks

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20
Q

What is the sensitive period in dogs?

A

3-16 weeks of age in which dog becomes accustomed to what is “normal”
-socialization

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21
Q

What is the difference between conditioned and unconditioned reflexes?

A
  • conditioned: developed over time in response to stimuli

- unconditioned: innate, born with them

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22
Q

What are the 4 forms of reinforcement?

A
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Positive punishment
  • Negative reinforcement
  • Negative punishment
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23
Q

Positive reinforcement is?

A

The reward for doing something that is wanted ex: giving a treat for the dog that sits

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24
Q

Positive punishment?

A

An event that makes you less likely to do it again ex: Shock Collar

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25
Q

Negative Reinforcement?

A

Stopping something that causes pain ie: Stopping being cold

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26
Q

Negative Punishment?

A

Doing something so something you want isn’t taken away ie: License was taken away for driving too fast

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27
Q

Some reinforces are…

A
  • food- treats, cheese, meat- careful with quantity!
  • toys
  • play
  • attention
  • petting
  • movement
28
Q

Some punishers are…

A
  • physical
  • verbal
  • auditory
  • removal of a valued resource
  • removal of attention
  • anything the dog finds unpleasant
29
Q

What are the communication senses of dogs?

A
  1. Smell
  2. Hearing
  3. Sight
  4. Touch
  5. Taste
    Communication is multi-sensory
30
Q

What’s important to remember about a dog’s smell?

A

Dogs can smell far more than humans can (10,000 to 100,000 times stronger) so they can detect so much more. So when sniffing a small patch of grass they are learning so much about their environment and who has been there.

31
Q

What’s important to remember about a dog’s hearing?

A

Dogs can hear far better than humans can and they can hear frequencies we cannot. This can cause issues like fear of hearing aids as they let off sound dogs can hear but we cannot.

32
Q

What’s important to remember about a dog’s taste?

A

Dogs have very poor taste and far fewer taste buds than humans. They mainly eat things that seem edible, even toxic things so they need to be monitored.

33
Q

How is dog communication different from humans?

A

Body language: D = 90%, H = 80%
Voice: D = 6%, H = 16%
Scent: D = 2%, H = 2%
Touch: D = 2%, H = 2%

34
Q

What’s important about our body language?

A

Dogs are masters in reading how we feel. They are extremely in tune with our body language, smell and sounds. If we show fearful body language, dogs will know we feel fearful and some could take advantage of this.

35
Q

What can a dog’s ears tell us?

A
  • Pinned back: submissive/appeasing, Ears slightly back can also just mean focus or submission, not always fearful.
  • Back and relaxed: Calm, relaxed, friendly
  • Forward and relaxed: aware, friendly
  • Pricked forward: alert, excitement, arousal (play or reactiveness), assertive
36
Q

What can a dog’s eyes tell us?

A
  • Advert, no eye contact: submissive/appeasing, deference or fearful, slight flicking of the eye or turning head away completely
  • Eyes closed (squinting): submissive/appeasing, happy greeting
  • Eyes soft, direct eye contact: calm, relaxed, friendly
  • Eyes wide open: confident, assertive
  • Hard stare: alert, excitement, arousal (play or reactiveness)
  • Eyes ‘rolling out’: when the dog is far beyond the threshold (reactiveness/fear)
37
Q

What can a dog’s mouth tell us?

A
  • Lips pulled back: submissive/appeasing or fearful, can also be ‘a smile’ or submissive grin or reactive grin
  • Licking lips: the dog is in conflict, stressed, fearful, can also be just plain tiredness or dog that has food sticking to lips :-)
  • Yawning: the dog is in conflict, stressed, fearful, can also be just plain tiredness :-)
  • Lips puckered forward, maybe lifted (snarl): assertive, threat
  • Lips relaxed: calm, relaxed, friendly
  • Lip shape: A tense “v” shape usually means fear/bite risk, a “c” shape does not.
38
Q

What can a dog’s tail tell us?

A
  • Tucked under: submissive/appeasing, deference or fearful
  • Low and still: calm, relaxed
  • Low to medium carriage, slow wagging: relaxed, friendly or can also be insecure
  • Low to medium carriage, fast wagging: submissive/appeasing or happy, friendly
  • High carriage, still: tension, arousal (freeze or reactiveness)
  • High carriage, fast wagging: can be high arousal because of excitement or reactiveness
  • Medium carriage, still: focused, alert
39
Q

What can a dog’s body posture tell us?

A
  • Behind vertical, lowered - hackles may be raised: submissive/appeasing or fearful which could change to intense fear reactive behaviour
  • Vertical, full height: confident, relaxed
  • Ahead of vertical, standing tall; hackles may be raised: assertive, alert, excitement, arousal (play or reactiveness)
  • Shoulders lowered, hindquarters elevated: play bow - clear invitation to play
  • Arched back: (shoulders lowered) fear
40
Q

What are calming signals?

A

Calming signals is a term coined by Norwegian dog trainer Turid Rugaas to describe the signals used by dogs to communicate with each other. According to Rugaas, there are at least 30 calming signals. The type of signals a dog uses depends on the dog. The signals, however, are universal and all dogs
understand them even if they do not use them. Dogs are known to use these signals with humans, too.

41
Q

Why do dogs vocalise?

A

Dogs vocalise combined with body language and possibly scent and touch to communicate.
This can be to express anxiety, fear, excitement, pain, reactive behaviour, to alert others

42
Q

What’s important to remember about dog vocalisation?

A
  1. Pitch: higher might indicate fear or pain, lower is more a sign of confidence or threat, but can also be an extremely fearful dog
  2. Duration: longer sounds “attached” points towards more intensity while individual short sounds can indicate excitement, high arousal
  3. Frequency: repetitive and fast means urgency and high arousal (can be pos. or neg.)
43
Q

What are the four quadrants in the Operant Conditioning Theory?

A

Positive Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, Negative Reinforcement, and Negative Punishment

44
Q

What does the “Positive” aspect of Operant Conditioning mean?

A

“Positive” is considered adding

45
Q

What does the “Negative” aspect of Operant Conditioning mean?

A

“Negative” is subtracting or taking away

46
Q

What does the “Reinforcement” aspect of Operant Conditioning mean?

A

“Reinforcement” is pretty straightforward and means trying to increase the frequency of the desired behaviour.

47
Q

What does the “Punishment” aspect of Operant Conditioning mean?

A

“Punishment” is a consequence that is aimed at decreasing the likelihood of a behaviour happening again in the future.

48
Q

What is Positive Reinforcement in Operant Conditioning?

A

Is essentially adding something to the equation to encourage the subject to repeat the desired behaviour. Examples include giving your dog a treat for sitting when asked

49
Q

What is Positive Punishment in Operant Conditioning?

A

Involves adding a stimuli to stop unwanted behaviour. Positive punishment is often used on daily walks. When a dog pulls, handlers often have the tendency to tug or correct them back on leash. The handler is adding a correction (Positive) that will decrease the frequency of the behavior (Punishment).

50
Q

What is Negative Punishment in Operant Conditioning?

A

Negative Punishment is taing away something to get a behavior to stop. If your dog growls at another dog over a toy, you take that toy away (Negative) to get him/her to stop growling (Punishment).

51
Q

What is Negative Reinforcement in Operant Conditioning?

A

Negative means taking away or removing something, it does not mean that you correct the dog using a negative or aversive stimuli. The best example that comes to mind involves a common household dynamic, the nagging spouse. When wanting something to get done around the house the spouse will constantly bring up that they want it done. Once the task is completed the nagging is removed.

52
Q

When are the three fear stages in puppies?

A

The first fear stage is anywhere from 8 to 12 weeks, the second one around 4 to 6 months and the third anywhere from 9 to 12 months

53
Q

What are 5 things to do when advising clients on behavioural issues?

A
  1. Note facts (observe dog, get facts from owners) - age, breed, desexed, other dogs in family, family situation, past experiences, Depending on issue that needs to be addressed you dig deeper into certain facts
    List what, when, why, how
  2. Investigate every avenue - create a flowchart in your mind or write it down so you do not miss any possible cause/solution for the behaviour.
  3. Advise for health check first if this could play a part in a behavioural issue or if
    you feel there is something not right with the dog
  4. You will find that you often will first end up giving advise on a different topic or
    dog when it turns out that the cause of the problem lies there.
  5. Only provide advise for minor behavioural issues which will not put pressure on dog or put dogs or people at risk, otherwise, refer to a specialist
54
Q

Things to remember about behavioural training are?

A
  • Get full picture of problem (who, what, when…)
  • Do not set a dog up to fail (keep dog, people safe)
  • Do not fix symptoms, find the cause
  • TEACH, do not punish
  • Dogs can only learn when below threshold
  • Refer to specialist
55
Q

Things to remember about handling/training dogs are?

A
  1. TEACH, do not punish
  2. Never set yourself or dog up to fail
  3. Communicate on their level
  4. Consistency & compassion
  5. Handling high arousal
  6. Basic training principles
56
Q

What are the basic principles of dog training?

A
  1. Bonding
  2. Focus and working below the threshold
  3. Rewarding = reinforcing last behaviour
  4. Demanding behaviour = all on our terms
  5. To change behaviour = remove the reward
  6. TRAINING = Teaching, not punishing
57
Q

What’s an example of Classical Conditioning?

A 
You open a bag of biscuits and
give one to the dog. It won’t be long
before the dog runs to you when
hearing the rip of the bag (this
would also apply to the refrigerator
door)
58
Q

What are some important points to remember when dealing with fear periods in puppies?

A
  • Remain as Calm as Possible
  • Pretend it’s No Big Deal
  • Counter-Condition
  • Don’t Overwhelm, Desensitize!
  • Socialize, socialize, socialize
  • Don’t Punish the Fear
59
Q

Whats the difference between slow and fast tail wagging?

A

A slow wagging tail can mean a dog may bite and can also mean a dog that’s focused. Fast wagging is usually a good sign of friendliness. Look at whole body.

60
Q

Are teeth showing always bad?

A

Dogs can show teeth when being friendly, like a dog smile. It’s important to look at the whole body. A dog showing teeth in a friendly way would have soft eyes, loose face, no tension and a fast tail wag.

61
Q

Why should dogs be trained?

A
  • Sets boundaries
  • Gives dog confidence
  • Builds human-animal bond
  • Helps dog to trust you and to feel like you can protect them
62
Q

What’s important to remember about protection with dogs?

A

Dogs want to be protected and they also want to protect you. When a dog thinks you need protection they will protect you, they do not always know when is and isn’t appropriate.

63
Q

Why is a dog’s growl important?

A

It is a warning before a bite. It can tell someone to back off before the dog feels the need to use force.

64
Q

What are the reasons for disobedience in dogs?

A
  • Pain or physically can’t do the task
  • Testing boundaries
  • Doesn’t know what needs to be done
  • No rules or boundaries set
  • Stress or distractions
65
Q

What is obsessive/compulsive behaviour?

A

A behaviour that is a fixation and is repetitive . They have no reason for doing these behaviours. Things like excessive grooming to the point of injury.

NZ Vet Nursing: Animal Behaviour/Nutrition (6 decks)

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