Dog And Cat

Question 1

Under the sale of goods act…

Answer 1

Owners of breeding animals have to ensure their pups or kittens sold are clinically healthy and have a sound temperament.

Question 2

The breeding of and sale of dogs act is…

Answer 2

Designed to ensure the welfare of the bitch and pups during the time they are with the breeder

Question 3

Protection of animals act…

Answer 3

Also relate primarily to welfare issues and list what constitutes a cruelty offence.

Question 4

The trade description act..

Answer 4

Does not relate to the sale of animals

Question 5

Testes should have descended in the male dog by…

Answer 5

10 days after birth.

Question 6

In Tom cats the testes descend…

Answer 6

Earlier than dogs and are usually in the scrotum at birth

Question 7

What is the term used to describe the condition in which one or both testes are retained within the abdomen?

Answer 7

Cryptorchidsm

Question 8

What is anorchia?

Answer 8

It is very rare and is the absence of both testes

Question 9

What is monorchidism?

Answer 9

It is very rare and occurs when an animal only develops one testis.

Question 10

What is orchitis?

Answer 10

Inflammation of the testes

Question 11

What is the fraction of the canine ejaculate that contains the sperm?

Answer 11

The second fraction. The first fraction mainly consists of a clear fluid from the prostate. The third fraction is also prostatic in origin, and it is thought that its function is to flush the Sperm through the cervix and on into the uterus.

Question 12

How long does metoestrus last in the bitch?

Answer 12

Usually about 55 days. This is the stage of progesterone dominance and is the time during which the corpora lutea are active.

Question 13

How long does pro-oestrus and oestrus last?

Answer 13

About 7 days each. Though can be variable.

Question 14

How long does anoestrus last?

Answer 14

4 months on average. The total oestrus cycle is approximately 7 months in a bitch. How not all bitches follow this precisely.

Question 15

The Queen is..

Answer 15

An induced ovulator and a seasonal breeder.

The bitch is the opposite. She is a spontaneous ovulator and a non seasonal breeder.

Question 16

How can blood tests detect oestrus in the bitch?

Answer 16

They test for the presence of progesterone. Prior to ovulation there is very little progesterone, but once ovulation has occurred and the corpus luetum is formed then progesterone is released. Therefore blood samples should be tested from several days before ovulation is anticipated and as soon as progesterone is detected the animal should be mated.

Question 17

What are animals which have both male and female genital tissue described as?

Answer 17

Intersexes. These animals have features of both sexes but are not true hermaphrodites and cant self fertilise. In fact they are usually sterile with neither type of genital tissue functioning.

Question 18

When can an ultrasound be carried out to detect pregnancy in a bitch?

Answer 18

As early as 16 days after ovulation. But usually tests are carried out around 28 days.

Question 19

How soon can a pregnancy be detected in a bitch by abdominal palpation?

Answer 19

After a month but not all animals will allow this as may tense the abdominal wall muscles.

Question 20

How soon in a pregnancy can a foetal heart beat in a bitch be identified?

Answer 20

It’s only possible in late pregnancy as is radiography. Radiographic techniques may show a swollen enlarged uterus earlier but it is not until the foetal skeleton begins to ossify that its possibly to distinguish between pyometra and pregnancy.

Hormone assay testing for the hormone relaxin can also be used in both cats and dogs.

Question 21

When can the term embryo be used?

Answer 21

It should be used for the young animal until discernable features are present. (about day 35) and then the word foetus can be used.

Question 22

What temperature should be maintained in the area where a bitch is due to whelp?

Answer 22

25 to 30oc. This can be reduced several days after pups are born when the pups start to thermoregulate .

Question 23

What may be a sign of imminent parturition?

Answer 23

There is usually a drop in temperature of about 2oc about 24 to 36 hrs before parturition.
Nesting behaviour
Intermittent contractions
Shivering and restlessness

Question 24

What causes foetal dystocia?

Answer 24

A breech birth.
Dystocia means difficulty giving birth. The terms foetal and maternal indicate with which individual the problem lies.
A breech birth occurs when a pup or kitten is presented rump first.
Posterior presentations when hindlegs come through pelvic canal first are not breech. And are normally delivered without problem.

Question 25

What causes foetal dystocia?

Answer 25

A breech birth.
Dystocia means difficulty giving birth. The terms foetal and maternal indicate with which individual the problem lies.
A breech birth occurs when a pup or kitten is presented rump first.
Posterior presentations when hindlegs come through pelvic canal first are not breech. And are normally delivered without problem.

Question 26

What is uterine inertia?

Answer 26

When uterus fails to contract. This can be a primary problem such as hypocalcaemia or exhaustion.

Question 27

Obstructive dystocias develop when there is a….

Answer 27

Physical obstruction to the birth canal caused by either bony deformities eg an old fracture to the pelvis. Or soft tissue problems. Eg vaginal polyps.
Uterine inertia, obstructive dystocias and exhaustion are all maternal dystocias.

Question 28

When are pups normally able to stand?

Answer 28

From about 10 days. They aren’t fully sbke to walk until about 3 wks. Ears and eyes open around 10 to 14 days of age. Kittens are often born with a squint or strabismus which usually self corrects by the time the kittens are about 8 wks old. However siamese cats may retain this characteristic until adulthood

Question 29

How long does the puerperium last?

Answer 29

About 6 wks. This is the period of time after the end of parturition during which the uterus involutes and returns to active state.

Question 30

Placental retention might be identified clinically…

Answer 30

By the presence of green vulval discharge. Normally after parturition there is a bloody discharge for about a week. Then this becomes clear when the uterus involutes. However with a retained placenta the green coloured discharge seen prior to birth continues and if left untreated, the bitch or Queen may go on to develop metritis. If detected can be treated with oxytocin. This encourages the expulsion of the remaining placenta.

Question 31

How long does the dam need to stimulate urination and defacation in pups or kittens?

Answer 31

For 2 to 3 weeks after birth. Important for orphaned pups or kittens as will require this attention. Gentle wiping of the anogenital area with warm moistened cotton wool is required after each feeding.

Question 32

What is polydactyly?

Answer 32

It is the presence of extra digits. It is common in cats.

Question 33

What is atresia ani?

Answer 33

This occurs when the anal opening does not form, so faeces can not be passed.

Question 34

What is cleft palate?

Answer 34

Failure of the fusion of the 2 halves of the hard palate, so that a pup or kitten is unable to suck normally. If it does manage to get some milk this often comes back down the nostrils.

Question 35

What is an open fontanelle?

Answer 35

This occurs when the bones of the skull do not fuse properly, leaving a hole in the cranium. If this does not close it leaves the young animal prone to brain damage.