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DISASTERMANAGEMENT Midterm Exam Review > DOCUMENT EXAM (RIP LOL) > Flashcards

DOCUMENT EXAM (RIP LOL) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Forensic Document Examination?

A

Examination of documentary evidence to determine authenticity or authorship

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2
Q

What is a Forensic Document Examiner?

A

An expert who examines a document to render an opinion about an issue involving the document.

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3
Q

Document issues include?

A

handwriting, signatures,initials, alterations, obliterations, ink, paper,authenticity, mechanical impressions, dating, torn,charred or water soaked documents or printing processes

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4
Q

What Lab Equipment does a Forensic Document Examiner Use?

A
  • Various magnification devices
  • Various light sources and filters
  • Instrument to image impressions
  • Cameras, PhotoShop, scanners,software applications
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5
Q

What types of cases do Forensic Document Examiners work?

A

*Homicide
*Anonymous letters – anthrax case
*Medical malpractice – doctoring charts
* Wills and probates – family feuds or caretaker theft… ect

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6
Q

HANDWRITING

A

Can be positively identified based upon a pattern of individualized characteristics

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7
Q

The Principles of Handwriting Identification

A
  • No two writers share the same combination ofhandwriting characteristics.
    *Each writer has a range of variation centeredwithin his or her basic writing habits.
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8
Q

Handwriting Characteristics

A
  • Class characteristics: common to a group
  • Individual characteristics: identifiable– Deviations from the class forms– Repeated, unconscious habits developed over time
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9
Q

Preliminary Examination of Questioned documents

A

A document is usually questioned because of its origin, its contents,or the circumstances and story regarding its production, arouse serious suspicion as to its genuineness, or it may be adversely scrutinized simply because it displeases someone by its unexpected provisions

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10
Q

(SWGDOC)

A

Scientific Working Group for Forensic Document Examination

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11
Q

Types of Rock Art

A

Petroglyph: drawings carved,incised, scratched,abraded or combination methods on stone

Pictograph:paintings on stone with natural pigments (e.g.charcoal, manganesedioxide, graphite)

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12
Q

Cuneiform

A

Southern Mesopotamia in 3300 B.C. invented by Sumerians
13 languages used it
600+ signs used as symbols for words/syllables
used for approximately 3,300 years

inscribed on soft clay with wedge shaped reed Then baked in sun

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13
Q

Egyptian Hieroglyphs

A

developed around 3,200 B.C
representation of recognizable objects:
ideograms: specific/closely related object
phonograms: phonetic value
750+ signs
10 years to become Egyptian scribe citizens couldn’t read hieroglyphs

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14
Q

Rosetta Stone

A

discovered 1799 by Napoleon’s soldiers
found in small village in Egypt’s Western Delta –Rashid AKA Rosetta
decree from 196 BC in3 scripts:
Hieroglyphs
Demotic
Greek

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15
Q

First Alphabet

A

developed by Phoenicians along Mediterranean Coast 1500 B.C.
22 letters
moving from ideographic -> phonetic
adopted by Greeks around 900 B.C.

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16
Q

Handwriting Basic Fundamentals

A

hand complex: 27 bones, 40+ muscles
motor activity controlled by brain executed by effector (i.e. hand or foot)

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17
Q

Handwriting and Age

A

speed of writing increases between 7 and 9 yrs
Tapers at 13 yrs- little further increase
speed – simplest measure of writing proficiency

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18
Q

Neuroanatomical Basis of Handwriting

A

primary motor cortex:controls fine muscle movement (e.g. finger movement)
* somatosensory cortex: gathers somato sensory input and controls handwriting pressure and grip
* premotor cortex: visual guidance by coordinating movements from muscle groups

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19
Q

Brain Activation in Writing

A

Premotor area of brain key player in handwriting movements

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20
Q

Formatting/Arrangement:

A

Indentations
the blank space produced by indenting

Left and right margins
placement• size•consistency

Interline spacing
distance between lines

Slope
rising/falling of writing along a line

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21
Q

Writing Styles

A

Print
Cursive
Mixed

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22
Q

Handwriting Features

A

Writing styles
Legibility
Corrections/modifications/additions
Location of handwriting to printed portion of doc

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23
Q

Line Quality

A

combination speed, rhythm, shading, pen pressure and pen position
consistency of stroke(s)
smooth and controlled vs. tremulous and erratic

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24
Q

tapered terminal stroke

A

writing instrument still in motion when it leaves paper’s surface
also called flying finish
often observed ingenuine writing

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25
Q

blunt terminal stroke

A

writing instrument leaves paper’s surface abruptly
often observed in simulations

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26
Q

Slant

A

angle or inclination of the axis of letters relative to the baseline of writing

Left* Upright* Right* Mixed

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27
Q

Slope/Alignment

A

the spatial organization of writing pattern,its linear arrangement of words and intervening spaces and their accommodation of the page

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28
Q

Pen Lifts

A

an interruption in a stroke due to the removal of the writing instrument from the paper

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29
Q

Collection of Specimens

A

In a signature case, clients should try to submit 10-20specimen signatures,preferably originals andpreferably from the sameapproximate time period asthe questioned signature.

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30
Q

Questioned document

A

disputed document associated with matter under investigation

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31
Q

Known specimen

A

of established origin associated with matter under investigation

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32
Q

Characteristic

A

Feature, quality, attribute or property ofwriting

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33
Q

Variation

A

Variation is an integral part of natural writing.
No two writings of the same material are identical inevery detail.
can be influenced by internal factors such as illness, medication, intentional distortion, etc. and external factors such as writing conditions and writing instrument, etc.

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34
Q

Natural Variation

A

Normal or usual divergence found between repeated specimens of one individual’s handwriting

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35
Q

Range of variation

A

narrow* average* wide

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36
Q

significant similarity

A

individualizing characteristic incommon between two or more handwritten items

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37
Q

significant difference

A

individualizing characteristic different between handwritten items, outside writer’s range of variation and cannot be reasonably explained

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38
Q

ACE-V

A

A – Analysis
C – Comparison
E – Evaluation
V – Verification

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39
Q

Procedure for theExamination of Handwritten Items

A

Read letter of instruction from client. Clarify instructions with client, if necessary. What is required for the examination?
Were you provided with the original?
Determine if the questioned document(s) is written naturally or whether it appears to be distorted writing

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40
Q

Factors that ImpactHandwriting

A

writing posture stance , paper orientation, writing surface, Temporal States ( drugs alcohol)

41
Q

Writing Systems

A

Palmer business writing,Zaner Bloser (used in Ontario schools), D’Nealian, etc

42
Q

Physiological Constraints

A

Foot, Mouth, Artificial aids (Prostheses), Deafness ect

43
Q

Handedness

A

preference using one hand over otherfor manual tasks

44
Q

Left-Handedness

A

Historically 5 – 6%
Currently 10 – 15%
2x more males than females
3x more identical twins

45
Q

normal posture

A

writing instrument directed away from writer’s body

46
Q

inverted posture

A

writing instrument directed towards writer’s body

47
Q

Infirmity

A

Age related decline
Deathbed signatures

48
Q

Forgery

A

Crime of falsely and fraudulently making or altering a document

49
Q

Initials

A

Consist of one or more characters, representing the firstletters of a person’s given name,surname and sometimes middle name(s

50
Q

Direct: Tracing Using Transmitted Light

A

lluminate genuine with back lighting, e.g. a window then trace signature

51
Q

Indirect: Guidelines

A

document with genuine signature placed on top of target document* traced with heavy pressure using sharp object

52
Q

Indirect: Carbon Copy

A

Target document under carbon paper and genuine signature doc placed on top

53
Q

Indirect: Tracing Paper

A

Tracing/highly translucent paper placed over genuine signature

54
Q

Tracing Devices

A

Ghost Writer* invisible writer + developer

Spectroline Signature Verification System* luminescent transfer product

No Clue Fabric Marker* guideline washed away with tap water

Reflection Sketcher* screen projects desired image onto blank paper

Pantograph* enlarges/reduces signature by following lines of original with stylus

Art Reproducer* mirror reflects down on paper for tracing

55
Q

Auto Pen

A

a device used for the automatic signing of a signature or autograph

56
Q

Disguise

A

Disguise Deliberate attempt to remove/modify writing habits

57
Q

Simulation

A

copy writing as close as possible to genuine

58
Q

GANG TAGS

A

Gangs tag areas to mark their territory
Gangs advertise to new recruits
Gangs highlight their status and power

59
Q

GANG TAG ELEMENTS

A

Arrows: point to this area belongs to us

60
Q

GANG TAG ELEMENTS

A

Arrows: point to this area belongs to us

61
Q

WHAT IS GRAFFITI?

A

writings or drawings that have been scribbled, scratched, or painted illicitly on the wall or other surface,often within public view

62
Q

TAG

A

A graffiti writer’s moniker applied rapidly and repetitively

63
Q

THROW-UP

A

Also known as bombing and is a more elaborate tag usually completed in two or more colours

64
Q

BLOCKBUSTER OR ROLLER

A

A large piece usually in a block-shaped style covering a larger area. It is created with paint rollers and exterior paint.

65
Q

WILDSTYLE

A

It has interlocking letters and connected points. It is hard to read because letters are often undecipherable and merge into one another

66
Q

PIECES

A

are large,detailed multi-colour drawings that may take over an hour to complete. They are a full piece of art that can be found on walls, billboards, train cars and other large objects. These are judged in competition graffiti.

67
Q

Taggers VS. WRITERS

A

Taggers
Use a moniker that they want to get up as many times as possible

Writers
Often work in small groups called “crews”and produce more artistic pieces

68
Q

Applied linguistics

A

is an approach to understanding language issues in the real world
It draws on theory, data, facts and analysis to solve puzzles related to language

69
Q

Phonetics

A

is the study of speech sounds

70
Q

Semantics

A

the study of meaning in words and sentences

71
Q

Pragmatics

A

The study of how to do things with language

72
Q

Logographic

A

each graph represents a units of linguistic meaning. Chinese and languages that borrow Chinese characters (Japanese and Korean) are now the only languages that use logographic writing.

73
Q

Syllabic

A

each graph represents a syllable. Japanese hiragana and katagana are examples

74
Q

Alphabetic

A

vowel and consonant sounds are associated with individual alphabetic symbols. English is an example, together with symbols like @, #, $. %, &, etc.

75
Q

Qualitative

A

when features are identified and described as being characteristic of an author

76
Q

Quantitative

A

when indicators are identified and measured, e.g. their relative frequency of occurrence in a given sampling of writers

77
Q

Sign of speed in the writing are

A

All:
Smooth Rounded Strokes

Good line quality

Decreasing size of words

78
Q

Signs of Forgery include

A

All:
Tremors in the writing line

Pen lifts in unnatural places

Tracing Evidence

79
Q

Which statement is true

A

Primary signs of speed in handwriting include smooth and unbroken strokes

80
Q

Factors that effect handwriting include

A

All:
The age of the writer

Substance abuse

The writing Surface

81
Q

As an investigator, what should NOT be done when collecting requested specimen writing from a person of interest?

A

Instruct the POI on the arrangement, spelling, and punctuation of the dictated text

82
Q

What forensic organization was established in 2015, ANSI accredited in 2016 and has twelve consensus bodies?

A

American Academy of Forensic Sciences Standards Board (ASB

83
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

Controls fine muscle movement

84
Q

A petroglyph is:

A

a drawing carved, incised, scratched, abraded or a combination of methods on stone

85
Q

Line quality is a handwriting feature that can be defined as:

A

A combination of speed, rhythm, shading, pen pressure and pen position

86
Q

Which statement is FALSE?

A

A tapered terminal stroke is when a writing instrument leaves the paper’s surface abruptly

87
Q

Which of the following is NOT a limitation in handwriting comparisons:

A

Original questioned documents

88
Q

What are some observations that have been made from writers under the influence of alcohol? Choose the BEST answer.

A

ALL
Illegibility
Often larger
Problem crossing “”s and dotting “¡”s
Irregular spacing

89
Q

What is the most common writing system used in Ontario?

A

Zaner Bloser

90
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A

Natural variations the normal or usual divergence found between repeated specimens of one individual’s handwriting.

91
Q

According to the Scientific Working Group for Documents (SWGDOC) Standards, an Identification conclusion can be made when:

A

All
The examiner has no reservations about their opinion

The examiner is certain the writer of the known material wrote the questioned writing - highest degree of confidence

92
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE with respect to the Likelihood Ratio?

A

The Likelihood Ratio Approach is also known as the Bayesian approach and has been used for over 50 years.

93
Q

writer can not write lower than his skill

A

False

94
Q

Which feature is NOT obscured or lost by examining a photocopy?

A

The printing process that was used to generate the copy

95
Q

The duplicate signature is indicative of

A

Traced Forgery
Digital Forgery

96
Q

Wax Transfer

A

no torn paper fibres
transfer + original has indentations
glossy appearance

97
Q

Tape Transfer

A

tearing of paper fibres
tape absorbed indentations caused by transfer instrument
possible to destroy genuine signature

98
Q

Long Pen

A

remote controlled pen and video conferencing device, intended to bring “live” author signings to faraway locations

99
Q

TYPOGRAPHIC

A

How ink is deposited onto paper
Types: Laser printer & Ink Jet

DISASTERMANAGEMENT Midterm Exam Review (3 decks)

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