Doctrine

Question 1

Campaign

Answer 1

(JP 3-0) A series of related major operations aimed at
achieving strategic and operational objectives within a given
time and space.

(ADRP 1-02) Same.

Question 2

Operation

Answer 2

(JP 3-0) Major Operation A major operation is a series of
tactical actions (battles, engagements, strikes) conducted by
combat forces of a single or several Services, coordinated in
time and place, to achieve strategic or operational objectives
in an operational area. (Note: Single Service CDR or JFC)

(ADRP 3-0) For Army forces, an operation is a military action,
consisting of two of more related tactical actions, designed to
achieve a strategic objective, in whole or in part.

(ADRP 3-0) A tactical action is a battle or engagement
employing lethal and nonlethal actions designed for a specific
purpose relative to the enemy, the terrain, friendly forces, or
other entity.

Question 3

Operational Art (Joint)

Answer 3

(JP 3-0) The cognitive approach by commanders and staffs—
supported by their skill, knowledge, experience, creativity, and
judgment—to develop strategies, campaigns, and operations to
organize and employ military forces by integrating ends, ways, and
means.

Through operational art, commanders link ends, ways, and means to
achieve the desired end state” (JP 5-0, III-1)

 - Ends: What is the military end state that must be achieved, how  is it related to the strategic end state, and what objectives must be  achieved to enable that end state?
 - Ways: What sequence of actions is most likely to achieve those  objectives and the end state?
 - Means: What resources are required to accomplish that  sequence of actions within given or requested resources?

Question 4

Operational Art (Army)

Answer 4

(ADRP 3-0) For Army forces, operational art is the pursuit of
strategic objectives, in whole or in part, through the
arrangement of tactical actions in time, space, and purpose.

Operational art applies to all aspects of operations and
integrates ends, ways, and means, while accounting for risk.
Operational art is applicable at all levels of war, not just to the
operational level of war. (ADRP 3-0, 4-1)

Question 5

Center of Gravity

Answer 5

(Joint Element of Operational Design AND Army Element of Operational Art)

(JP 3-0) The source of power that provides moral or physical
strength, freedom of action, or will to act.

(ADRP 3-0) Same.

Question 6

Strategy

Answer 6

(JP 3-0) A prudent idea or set of ideas for employing the
instruments of national power in a synchronized and
integrated fashion to achieve theater, national, and/or
multinational objectives.

(ADRP 3-0) None.

Question 7

Decisive Point

Answer 7

(Joint Element of Operational Design AND Army Element of Operational Art)

(JP 3-0) A geographic place, specific key event, critical factor,
or function that, when acted upon, allows commanders to gain
a marked advantage over an adversary or contribute
materially to achieving success.

(ADRP 1-02) Same.

Different from Center of Gravity!!!!

Question 8

Decision Point

Answer 8

(DoD) A point in space and time when the commander or staff
anticipates making a key decision concerning a specific
course of action.

Question 9

Interior Lines v. Exterior Lines

Answer 9

Interior Lines (ADRP 3-0) Lines on which a force operates
when its operations diverge from a central point.

Exterior Lines (ADRP 3-0) Lines on which a force operates
when its operations converge on the enemy.

Question 10

Decisive Terrain v. Key Terrain

Answer 10

Key Terrain
(ADRP 1-02) Any locality, or area, the seizure or retention of
which affords a marked advantage to either combatant.

Decisive Terrain
(ADRP 1-02) Decisive terrain, when, present, is key terrain
whose seizure and retention is mandatory for successful
mission accomplishment.

Question 11

Combat Power (ADRP 3-0)

Answer 11

The total means of destructive, constructive, and information
capabilities that a military unit or formation can apply at a
given time.

Combat power has eight elements (Warfighting Functions +2):
1. Leadership

2. Information
3. Mission command
4. Movement and maneuver
5. Intelligence
6. Fires
7. Sustainment
8. Protection

Question 12

Mission Command (Philosophy)
Army Only
(ADRP 3-0)

Answer 12

The exercise of authority and direction by the commander using
mission orders to enable disciplined initiative within the commander’s
intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the conduct of unified
land operations. Exercised by Army commanders, it blends the art of
command and the science of control while integrating the warfighting
functions to conduct the tasks of decisive action.

Mission command illuminates the Army leader’s responsibility to
understand, visualize, describe, direct, lead, and assess.

Mission command has six fundamental principles:

1. Build cohesive teams through mutual trust.
2. Create shared understanding.
3. Provide a clear commander’s intent.
4. Exercise disciplined initiative.
5. Use mission orders.
6. Accept prudent risk.

Question 13

Mission Command (WfF Function)
(ADRP 3-0)

Answer 13

The mission command warfighting function is the related
tasks and systems that develop and integrate those activities
enabling a commander to balance the art of command and
the science of control in order to integrate the other
warfighting functions.

Commanders, assisted by their staffs, integrate numerous
processes and activities within the headquarters and across
the force as they exercise mission command.

Question 14

Commander’s Role in Mission Command

ADRP 3-0

Answer 14

The art of command is the creative and skillful exercise of
authority through decisionmaking and leadership. As
commanders exercise the art of command, they perform the
following tasks:

Drive the operations process through their activities of
understanding, visualizing, describing, directing, leading, and
assessing operations.

Develop teams, both within their own organizations and with
joint, interagency, and multinational partners.

Inform and influence audiences, inside and outside their
organizations

Question 15

Staff’s Role in Mission Command

ADRP 3-0

Answer 15

The commander leads the staff’s tasks under the science of
control. The science of control consists of systems and
procedures to improve the commander’s understanding and
to support accomplishing missions.

The four primary staff tasks are:
1. Conduct the operations process: plan, prepare, execute,
and assess.
2. Conduct knowledge management and information
management.
3. Conduct inform and influence activities.
4. Conduct cyber electromagnetic activities.

Question 16

Operational Approach

Answer 16

(JP 5-0)
The operational approach is a description of the broad actions
the force must take to transform current conditions into those
desired at end state (JP 5-0).

(ADRP 3-0) Same.

Commanders use a common doctrinal language to visualize
and describe their operational approach. The operational
approach provides a framework that relates tactical tasks to
the desired end state. It provides a unifying purpose and
focus to all operations.

Question 17

Elements of Operational Design (Joint)

Answer 17

Joint force commanders and staffs consider elements of operational design. 
Elements of operational design are individual tools that help the joint force 
commander and staffs visualize and describe the broad operational approach.
1. Termination
2. Military end state
3. Objective
4. Effects
5. Center of gravity
6. Decisive point
7. Lines of operations and lines of effort
8. Direct and indirect approach
9. Anticipation
10. Operational reach
11. Culmination
12. Arranging operations
13. Force and functions

Question 18

Elements of Operational Art (Army)

Answer 18

1. End state and conditions
2. Center of gravity*
3. Decisive points*
4. Lines of operations and lines of effort*
5. Operational reach*
6. Basing
7. Tempo
8. Phasing and transitions
9. Culmination*
10. Risk
    *Common to elements of operational design

Army forces utilize Elements of Operational Design when acting as Joint Forces
Headquarters.

Question 19

Military End State (Joint Design)

End State and Conditions (Army Art)

Answer 19

JP 5-0) Military end state is the set of required conditions that
defines achievement of all military objectives.

(ADRP 3-0) A set of desired future conditions the commander
wants to exist when an operation ends.

(ADRP 1-02) The set of required conditions that defines
achievement of the commander’s objectives.

Question 20

Termination (Joint Design)

Answer 20

(JP 5-0) Termination criteria are developed first among the elements of operational
design as they enable the development of the military end state and objectives.
Termination criteria describe the standards that must be met before
conclusion of a joint operation. Commanders and their staffs must think through,
in the early stages of planning, the conditions that must exist in order to terminate
military operations on terms favorable to the US and its multinational partners.

(JP 3-0) Terminating joint operations links the CCDR’s functional or theater
strategy to achievement of national strategic objectives. Based on the President’s
strategic objectives from the desired national strategic end state, the supported
CCDR can develop and propose termination criteria—the specified conditions
approved by the President or SecDef that must be met before a joint
operation can be concluded. These termination criteria help define the desired
military end state, which normally represents a period in time or set of conditions
beyond which the President does not require the military instrument of national
power as the primary means to achieve remaining national objectives.

Question 21

Objective (Joint)

Answer 21

An objective is a clearly defined, decisive, and attainable goal toward
which every military operation should be directed.

Question 22

Effects (Joint)

Answer 22

An effect is a physical and/or behavioral state of a system that results
from an action, a set of actions, or another effect. A desired effect can
also be thought of as a condition that can support achieving an
associated objective, while an undesired effect is a condition that can
inhibit progress toward an objective.

Question 23

Lines of Operation / Lines of Effort (Joint / Army)

Answer 23

Line of Operation (LOO)
(JP 5-0) A LOO defines the interior or exterior orientation of the force in
relation to the enemy or that connects actions on nodes and/or
decisive points related in time and space to an objective(s).

(ADRP 3-0) A line that defines the directional orientation of a force in
time and space in relation to the enemy and that links the force with its
base of operations and objectives. Lines of operations connect a series
of decisive points that lead to control of a geographic or force-oriented
objective.

Line of Effort (LOE)
(JP 5-0/ADRP 3-0) Links multiple tasks and missions using the logic of
purpose—cause and effect—to focus efforts toward establishing
operational and strategic conditions.

Question 24

Direct and Indirect Approach (Joint)

Answer 24

The approach is the manner in which a commander contends with a
COG.

A direct approach attacks the enemy’s COG or principal strength by
applying combat power directly against it.

An indirect approach attacks the enemy’s COG by applying combat
power against a series of decisive points that lead to the defeat of the
COG while avoiding enemy strength.

Question 25

Anticipation (Joint)

Answer 25

Anticipation is key to effective planning. JFCs must consider what might happen and look for the signs that may bring the possible event to pass. During execution, JFCs should remain alert for the unexpected and for opportunities to exploit the situation.

Question 26

Operational Reach (Joint / Army)

Answer 26

(JP 5-0) Operational reach is the distance and duration across which a joint force can successfully employ military capabilities. (ADRP 3-0) Same. Operational reach is a tether; it is a function of intelligence, protection, sustainment, endurance, and relative combat power. The limit of a unit’s operational reach is its culminating point. It equalizes the natural tension between endurance, momentum, and protection. Commanders and staffs consider operational reach to ensure Army forces accomplish their missions before culminating. Commanders continually strive to extend operational reach. They assess friendly and enemy force status and civil considerations, anticipate culmination, and plan operational pauses if necessary.

Question 27

Culmination (Joint / Army)

Answer 27

(JP 5-0) Culmination is that point in time and/or space at which the operation can no longer maintain momentum. (ADRP 3-0) The culminating point is that point in time and space at which a force no longer possesses the capability to continue its current form of operations. While conducting offensive tasks, the culminating point occurs when the force cannot continue the attack and must assume a defensive posture or execute an operational pause.

Question 28

Arranging Operations (Joint)

Answer 28

Commanders must determine the best arrangement of joint force and component operations to conduct the assigned tasks and joint force mission. This arrangement often will be a combination of simultaneous and sequential operations to reach the end state conditions with the least cost in personnel and other resources.

Question 29

Forces and Functions (Joint)

Answer 29

Commanders and planners can design campaigns and operations that focus on defeating either adversary forces, functions, or a combination of both.

Question 30

Basing (Army)

Answer 30

Army basing overseas typically falls into two general categories: permanent (bases or installations) and nonpermanent (base camps). A base is a locality from which operations are projected or supported (JP 4-0) A base camp is an evolving military facility that supports the military operations of a deployed unit and provides the necessary support and services for sustained operations. They are nonpermanent by design and designated as a base when made permanent. These bases and base camps deploy and employ land power simultaneously to operational depth. They establish and maintain strategic reach for deploying forces and ensure sufficient operational reach to extend operations in time and space.

Question 31

Tempo (Army)

Answer 31

Tempo is the relative speed and rhythm of military operations over time with respect to the enemy. It reflects the rate of military action. An effective operational design varies tempo throughout an operation to increase endurance while maintaining appropriate speed and momentum. There is more to tempo than speed. While speed can be important, commanders mitigate speed with endurance.

Question 32

Phasing and Transition (Army)

Answer 32

Phase: A phase is a planning and execution tool used to divide an operation in duration or activity. A change in phase usually involves a change of mission, task organization, or rules of engagement. Phasing helps in planning and controlling and may be indicated by time, distance, terrain, or an event. Phasing can extend operational reach. Only when the force lacks the capability to accomplish the mission in a single action do commanders phase the operation. Each phase should strive to— • Focus effort. • Concentrate combat power in time and space at a decisive point. • Accomplish its objectives deliberately and logically. Transitions mark a change of focus between phases or between the ongoing operation and execution of a branch or sequel. The force is vulnerable during transitions, and commanders establish clear conditions for their execution.

Question 33

Risk (Army)

Answer 33

(DOD) Probability and severity of loss linked to hazards. (ADP 6-0) Prudent Risk – A deliberate exposure to potential injury or loss when the commander judges the outcome in terms of mission accomplishment as worth the cost. (JP 5-0) What is the chance of failure or unacceptable consequences in performing that sequence of actions? (Risk)” (ADRP 3-0) Risk, uncertainty, and chance are inherent in all military operations. When commanders accept risk, they create opportunities to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative and achieve decisive results. The willingness to incur risk is often the key to exposing enemy weaknesses that the enemy considers beyond friendly reach. Understanding risk requires assessments coupled with boldness and imagination. Successful commanders assess and mitigate risk continuously throughout the operations process.

Question 34

Area of Interest v. Area of Influence v. Area of Operations

Answer 34

Area of Interest – (DOD) That area of concern to the commander, including the area of influence, areas adjacent thereto, and extending into enemy territory. This area also includes areas occupied by enemy forces who could jeopardize the accomplishment of the mission. Area of Influence – (DOD) A geographical area wherein a commander is directly capable of influencing operations by maneuver or fire support systems normally under the commander's command or control. Area of Operations – (DOD) An operational area defined by the joint force commander for land and maritime forces that should be large enough to accomplish their missions and protect their forces.

Question 35

Unified Land Operations

Answer 35

ADP 3-0) Unified land operations describes how the Army seizes, retains, and exploits the initiative to gain and maintain a position of relative advantage in sustained land operations through simultaneous offensive, defensive, and stability operations in order to prevent or deter conflict, prevail in war, and create the conditions for favorable conflict resolution.

Question 36

Tenets of Unified Land Operations

Answer 36

The tenets of unified land operations describe the Army’s approach to generating and applying combat power in campaigns and major operations. Army operations are characterized by six tenets: 1. Flexibility. 2. Integration. 3. Lethality. 4. Adaptability. 5. Depth. 6. Synchronization.

Question 37

Operational Variables (PMESII-PT)

Answer 37

``` (ADP 3-0) Operational variables consist of: • Political, • Military • Economic • Social • Information • Infrastructure • Physical environment • Time ```

Question 38

Mission Variables (METT-TC)

Answer 38

``` Mission variables consist of: • Mission • Enemy • Terrain and weather • Troops and support available • Time available • Civil considerations ```

Question 39

Decisive Action

Answer 39

``` (ADRP 3-0) The continuous, simultaneous combinations of offensive, defensive, and stability or defense support of civil authorities tasks (DSCA). Offensive Tasks Movement to Contact Attack Exploit Pursuit Defensive Tasks Mobile Defense Area Defense Retrograde Stability Tasks Civil Security Civil Control Essential Services Support Governance Economic and Infrastructure Dev. DSCA Tasks Support Domestic Disasters Support CBRNE Incidents Support Civil Law Enforcement Other Support ```

Question 40

Army Operational Frameworks

Answer 40

(ADRP 3-0) Deep-Close-Rear: framework that describe the operation in time and space Decisive-Shaping-Sustaining: framework to articulate the operation in terms of purpose. Main and Supporting Efforts: framework to designate the shifting prioritization of resources.

Question 41

Warfighting Functions

Answer 41

(ADP 3-0) 1. Mission Command 2. Movement and Maneuver 3. Intel 4. Fires 5. Sustainment 6. Protection

Question 42

Unified Action

Answer 42

(JP 1; ADRP 3-0) The synchronization, coordination, and/or integration of the activities of governmental and nongovernmental entities with military operations to achieve unity of effort.

Question 43

The Operations Process

Answer 43

(ADRP 3-0) The operations process is a commander-led activity, informed by the mission command approach to planning, preparing, executing, and assessing military operations. * Plan * Prepare * Execute * Assess

Question 44

Army Design Methodology

Answer 44

(ADRP 3-0) The Army design methodology is a methodology for applying critical and creative thinking to understand, visualize, and describe unfamiliar problems and approaches to solving them. The Army design methodology is iterative and collaborative.

Question 45

Defeat Mechanism

Answer 45

(ADRP 3-0) A method through which friendly forces accomplish their mission against enemy opposition. Destroy: Apply lethal combat power on an enemy capability so that it can no longer perform any function. Dislocate: Employing forces to obtain significant positional advantage, rendering the enemy’s dispositions less valuable, perhaps even irrelevant. Disintegrate: disrupt the enemy’s command and control system, degrading its ability to conduct operations. This action leads to a rapid collapse of the enemy’s capabilities or will to fight. Isolate: deny an enemy or adversary access to capabilities that enable the exercise of coercion, influence, potential advantage, and freedom of action.