Doctrine

Question 1

Campaign

Answer 1

(JP 3-0) A series of related major operations aimed at achieving strategic and operational objectives within a given time and space.

(ADRP 1-02) Same.

Question 2

Operational Art (Joint)

Answer 2

(JP 3-0) The cognitive approach by commanders and staffs—supported by their skill, knowledge, experience, creativity, and judgment—to develop strategies, campaigns, and operations to organize and employ military forces by integrating ends, ways, and means.

Through operational art, commanders link ends, ways, and means to achieve thed esired end state” (JP 5-0, III-1)

• Ends: What is the military end state that must be achieved, how is it related to the strategic end state, and what objectives must be achieved to enable that
  end state?
• Ways: What sequence of actions is most likely to achieve those objectives and the end state?
• Means: What resources are required to accomplish that sequence ofactions within given or requested resources?

Question 3

Operational Art (Army)

Answer 3

(ADRP 3-0) For Army forces, operational art is the pursuit of strategic objectives, in whole or in part, through the arrangement of tactical actions in time, space, and purpose.

Operational art applies to all aspects of operations and integrates ends, ways, and means, while accounting for risk. Operational art is applicable at all levels of war, not just to the operational level of war. (ADRP 3-0, 4-

1)

Question 4

Center of Gravity

Answer 4

(JP 3-0) The source of power that provides moral or physical strength, freedom of action, or will to act.

(ADRP 3-0) Same.

Question 5

Strategy

Answer 5

(JP 3-0) A prudent idea or set of ideas for employing the instruments of national power in a synchronized and integrated fashion to achieve theater, national, and/or multinational objectives.

(ADRP 3-0) None.

Question 6

Decisive Point

Answer 6

(JP 3-0) A geographic place, specific key event, critical factor, or function that, when acted upon, allows commanders to gain a marked advantage over an adversary or contribute materially to achieving success.

(ADRP 1-02) Same.

Question 7

Decisive vs. Key Terrain

Answer 7

Key Terrain (ADRP 1-02) Any locality, or area, the seizure or retention of which affords a marked advantage to either combatant. Decisive Terrain

(ADRP 1-02) Decisive terrain, when, present, is key terrain whose seizure and retention is mandatory for successful mission accomplishment.

Question 8

Combat Power

Answer 8

The total means of destructive, constructive, and information capabilities that a military unit or formation can apply at a given time.

Combat power has eight elements (Warfighting Functions +2):

1. Leadership
2. Information
3. Mission command
4. Movement and maneuver
5. Intelligence
6. Fires
7. Sustainment
8. Protection

Question 9

Mission Command

Answer 9

The exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to enable disciplined initiative within the commander’s intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the conduct of unified land operations. Exercised by Army commanders, it blends the art of command and the science of control while integrating the warfighting functions to conduct the tasks of decisive action.

Mission command illuminates the Army leader’s responsibility to understand, visualize, describe, direct, lead, and assess.

Mission command has six fundamental principles:

1. Build cohesive teams through mutual trust.
2. Create shared understanding.
3. Provide a clear commander’s intent.
4. Exercise disciplined initiative.
5. Use mission orders.
6. Accept prudent risk.

Question 10

Elements of Operational Design

Answer 10

Joint force commanders and staffs consider elements of operational design. Elements of operational design are individual tools that help the joint force commander and staffs visualize and describe the broad operational approach.

1. Termination
2. Military end state
3. Objective
4. Effects
5. Center of gravity
6. Decisive point
7. Lines of operations and lines of effort
8. Direct and indirect approach
9. Anticipation
10. Operational reach
11. Culmination
12. Arranging operations
13. Force and functions

Question 11

Elements of Operational Art

Answer 11

1. End state and conditions
2. Center of gravity*
3. Decisive points*
4. Lines of operations and lines of effort*
5. Operational reach*
6. Basing
7. Tempo
8. Phasing and transitions
9. Culmination*
10. Risk

*Common to elements of operational design

Question 12

LOO/LOE

Answer 12

(ADRP 3-0) A line that defines the directional orientation of a force in time and space in relation to the enemy and that links the force with its base of operations and objectives. Lines of operations connect a series of decisive points that lead to control of a geographic or force-oriented objective.

Line of Effort (LOE)

(JP 5-0/ADRP 3-0) Links multiple tasks and missions using the logic of purpose—cause and effect—to focus efforts toward establishing operational and strategic conditions.

Question 13

Operational Reach

Answer 13

Operational reach is the distance and duration across which a joint force can successfully employ military capabilities.

Question 14

Culmination

Answer 14

The culminating point is that point in time and space at which a force no longer possesses the capability to continue its current form of operations.

Question 15

Basing

Answer 15

A base is a locality from which operations are projected or supported

Question 16

Tempo

Answer 16

Tempo is the relative speed and rhythm of military operations over time with respect to the enemy.

It reflects the rate of military action.

Question 17

Phasing and Transitions

Answer 17

A phase is a planning and execution tool used to divide an operation in duration or activity.

Question 18

Risk

Answer 18

A deliberate exposure to potential injury or loss when
the commander judges the outcome in terms of mission accomplishment as worth

Risk, uncertainty, and chance are inherent in all military operations. When commanders accept risk, they create opportunities to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative and achieve decisive results.

Question 19

Unified Land Operations

Answer 19

Unified land operations describes how the Army seizes,
retains, and exploits the initiative to gain and maintain a position of relative advantage in sustained land operations through simultaneous offensive, defensive, and stability operations in order to prevent or deter
conflict, prevail in war, and create the conditions for favorable conflict resolution.

Question 20

Army Operational Frameworks

Answer 20

Deep-Close-Rear: framework that describe the operation in time and space

Decisive-Shaping-Sustaining: framework to articulate the operation in terms of purpose.

Main and Supporting Efforts: framework to designate the shifting prioritization of resources.

Question 21

Army Design Methedology

Answer 21

The Army design methodology is a methodology for applying critical and creative thinking to understand, visualize, and describe unfamiliar problems and approaches to solving them.

The Army design methodology is iterative and collaborative.

Question 22

Joint 6 Phase model

Answer 22

Shape (Phase 0). Activities performed to dissuade or deter potential adversaries and to assure or solidify relationships with friends and allies.

Deter (Phase I). Deter undesirable adversary action by demonstrating the capabilities and resolve of the joint force. Includes activities to prepare forces and set conditions for deployment and employment of forces in the event that deterrence is not successful.

Seize Initiative (Phase II). JFCs seek to seize the initiative through the application of appropriate joint force capabilities.

Dominate (Phase III). Focuses on breaking the enemy’s will for organized resistance or, in noncombat situations, control of the operational environment.

Stabilize (Phase IV). Joint force may be required to perform limited local governance, integrating the efforts of other agency participants until legitimate local entities are functioning.

Enable Civil Authority (Phase V). Joint force enables the viability of the civil authority and its provision of essential services to the largest number of people in the region.

Question 23

Key concepts in Army Design methedology

Answer 23

Key concepts that underline the Army design methodology include—

1. Critical and creative thinking.
2. Collaboration and dialogue.
3. Framing.
4. Narrative construction.
5. Visual modeling.

Question 24

Framing an operational Environment

Answer 24

In framing an operational environment, the planning team
focuses on defining, analyzing, and synthesizing the characteristics of the operational and mission variables. An operational environmental frame consists of two parts— the current state of the operational environment and the desired end state of the operational environment.

Question 25

Tenents of Multinational Operations

Answer 25

Respect: In assigning missions and tasks, the commander should consider that national honor and prestige may be as important to a contributing nation as combat capability.

Rapport: US commanders and staffs should establish rapport with their counterparts from partner countries, as well as the multinational force commander (MNFC). This
requires personal, direct relationships that only they can develop.

Knowledge of partners: Much time and effort is spent learning about the enemy; a similar effort is required to understand the doctrine, capabilities, strategic goals,
culture, customs, history, and values of each partner.

Patience: Effective partnerships take time and attention to develop.

Mission focus: temper the need
for respect, rapport, knowledge, and patience with the requirement to ensure that the necessary tasks are accomplished by those with the capabilities and authorities to accomplish those tasks

Trust and Confidence: Developing these relationships is a conscious collaborative act rather than something that just happens.