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DnD Flashcards

1
Q

Outbreak

A

Greater than anticipated increase in # of endemic cases

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2
Q

Epidemic

A

Large groups of people affected over a large geographical area

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3
Q

Pandemic

A

An epidemic that affects several countries &/or continents

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4
Q

Cluster

A

Collection of cases over a particular period, esp. cancer/birth defects, all grouped together regardless of the precedent, or aggregation of cases over a particular period closely grouped in a time and space

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5
Q

Virulence

A

The proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal or the severity of a disease

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6
Q

Determinant

A

A factor that decisively affects the nature or outcome of something

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7
Q

Zoonosis

A

Disease which can be transmitted from animals to humans

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8
Q

Prophylactic

A

A preventative measure against a disease occurring in the first place

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9
Q

Nosocomial

A

Origination of any disease in a hospital

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10
Q

Convalescent

A

A person recovering from a disease or ailment

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11
Q

Notifiable Disease

A

Any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities. The collation of information allows the authorities to monitor the disease & provides early warning of possible outbreaks

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12
Q

Hyperendemic

A

If a disease is constantly present at a high incidence &/or prevalence rate & affects all groups equally

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13
Q

Morbidity rate

A

The rate at which a disease or illness occurs in a population

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14
Q

Endemic

A

(of a disease) regularly occurring within an area or community.

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15
Q

Etiology

A

The cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition

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16
Q

Amyloid

A

Aggregation of prions that causes illness

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17
Q

Prion

A

Misfolded proteins that can transmit their state to other normal proteins; protein is an infectious agent, and can cause disease without nucleic acid

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18
Q

iatrogenesis

A

Harm brought forth by a healer or any unintended adverse patient outcome because of a health care intervention

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19
Q

Holoendemic

A

Almost everyone in the population is infected

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20
Q

Sequela

A

Condition that is a consequence of previous disease or injury

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21
Q

Epidemiology

A

The branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

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22
Q

Incidence

A

The occurrence of new cases of disease or injuries in a population over a specified time period

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23
Q

Index Case

A

First patient in an Epidemiological study

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24
Q

Latent Period

A

The time in between when a person comes into contact with a pathogen and when they become infected

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25
Q

Classical Epidemiology

A

Population-oriented studies and studies of the origins of health-related nutrition of health related to nutrition, environment, human behavior, and the state of a population

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26
Q

Convalescent Carrier

A

A person who is clinically recovered from an infectious disease but is still capable of transmitting the infectious agent to others

27
Q

Quarantine

A

Separation of well persons to monitor for illness

28
Q

Isolation

A

Separation of ill persons to prevent transmission

29
Q

Vector

A

An organism (such as an insect) that transmits a pathogen (ex. mosquito for a mosquito bite)

30
Q

Vehicle or fomite

A

An inanimate object that can carry infection ex. water contamination

31
Q

Modes of transmission

A

Direct which is direct contact, droplet spread, including STDs. Indirect is Airborne, Vehicle borne, Vector Borne

32
Q

The Stages of disease

A

Isco Probed Iniesta During Christmas

Incubation (# of days infected before you see symptoms)
Prodromal (characteristic symptoms of infection occur)
illness (clinical symptoms of the disease manifests)
Decline (# pathogen particles begin to decrease)
Convalescence (symptoms resolve)

33
Q

Infectivity

A

The proportion of exposed persons who become infected

34
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease

35
Q

The Two Epidemiological Triads

A

Person, Place, Time
Agent, Host, Environment

36
Q

Public Health Approach

A

Population oriented steps: surveillance, risk factor ID, intervention, implementation. The public health approach involves defining and measuring the problem, determining the cause or risk factors for the problem, determining how to prevent or ameliorate the problem, implementing effective strategies on a larger scale, and evaluating the impact

37
Q

Clinical Approach

A

Individual. Clinical epidemiology is the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease in patient populations and the relationships between exposures or treatments and health outcomes.

38
Q

Case Definition

A

Person, Place, Time, Clinical featuresz

39
Q

Steps of Surveillance

A

Data Collection
Data Analysis
Data Interpretation
Data Dissemination
Link to action

40
Q

Specificity Definition

A

The ability to designate an individual who does not have the disease as negative

41
Q

Specificity Equation

A

[d/(b+d)0]*100

42
Q

Sensitivity Definition

A

The ability to designate a person with a disease as positive

43
Q

Sensitivity Equation

A

[a/(a+c)]*100

44
Q

Odds Ratio Equation

A

AD/BC

45
Q

Relative Risk Equation

A

a/(a+b)=R1
c/(c+d)=R2
R1/R2=Relative Risk for an risk factor

46
Q

4 Steps of Food Safety Practices

A
  1. Clean
    Wash your hands and surfaces often, wash vegetables)
  2. Separate
    Don’t cross-contaminate, keep animal products away from other food
  3. Cook
    to the right temperature
  4. Chill
    Refrigerate promptly, thaw food in cold water or microwave, never thaw food on the counter
47
Q

Relative Risk

A

relative risk < 1
It may be a protective factor

relative risk = 1
indicates that the incidence rates of disease in the exposed group is equal to the incidence rates in unexposed groups

relative risk >1
indicates a positive association or an increased risk.

48
Q

Confounding Bias

A

A variable, (pollution), that can cause the disease that is being studies study (cancer) and is also associated with exposure of interest. (smoking)

49
Q

Sampling Bias

A

A specific type of selection bias where the chosen representatives for a country, area, etc, are misrepresented. In short, the people who are chosen to represent an area do not represent the area for the entire population.

50
Q

Recall Bias

A

This is when people have to remember certain aspects and details. The human mind and memory are far from perfect so we will never be 100% sure when it comes to memory.

51
Q

Observation bias

A

If a the subject knows that they’re being observed they will change their behavior

52
Q

5 Divisions of the CDC

A

Center for Forecasting and Outbreak Analytics (CFA)

Global Health Center (GHC)

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH)

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)

53
Q

Our Bradford Hill Criteria Remembering Trick (Couldn’t think of a better one)

A

Steph Curry Saw The Big Green Person Catching Eccentric Amazing Racists

54
Q

Smallpox

A

A virus that is the only virus that was eradicated by humans

55
Q

Bradford Hill Criteria 1

A
  1. Strength
    Establish strength of association, larger association = more likely causal
56
Q

Bradford Hill Criteria 2

A
  1. Consistency
    Whether it is reproducible across different circumstances, if so, more likely of an effect
57
Q

Bradford Hill Criteria 3

A
  1. Specificity
    Causation likely if a very specific population is at a specific site and disease with no other likely explanation, more specific association, larger probability of causal relationship
58
Q

Bradford Hill Criteria 4

A
  1. Temporality
    Effect must occur after the cause, if there is an expected delay between cause and expected effect, must occur after the delay
59
Q

Bradford Hill Criteria 5

A
  1. Biological gradient
    More exposure should = a greater incidence of the effect. Exceptions: Simple presence of cause can trigger effect, the inverse proportion may mean greater exposure leads to lower incidence
60
Q

Bradford Hill Criteria 6

A
  1. Plausibility
    A plausible mechanism between cause and effect is usually necessary, though may be limited by knowledge
61
Q

Bradford Hill Criteria 7

A
  1. Coherence
    Coherence between epidemiological and laboratory findings increases the likelihood of effect, however, the lack of laboratory evidence does not nullify the epidemiological effect on associations.
62
Q

Bradford Hill Criteria 8

A
  1. (Experiment) Experimental evidence, when possible, is useful.
63
Q

Primordial Prevention

A

Preventing the risk factor. For the condition of hypertension, primordial prevention would be the prevention of abnormal elevations of blood pressure (BP) among normotensive individuals.

64
Q
A

DnD (1 decks)

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