DnD Flashcards
Outbreak
Greater than anticipated increase in # of endemic cases
Epidemic
Large groups of people affected over a large geographical area
Pandemic
An epidemic that affects several countries &/or continents
Cluster
Collection of cases over a particular period, esp. cancer/birth defects, all grouped together regardless of the precedent, or aggregation of cases over a particular period closely grouped in a time and space
Virulence
The proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal or the severity of a disease
Determinant
A factor that decisively affects the nature or outcome of something
Zoonosis
Disease which can be transmitted from animals to humans
Prophylactic
A preventative measure against a disease occurring in the first place
Nosocomial
Origination of any disease in a hospital
Convalescent
A person recovering from a disease or ailment
Notifiable Disease
Any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities. The collation of information allows the authorities to monitor the disease & provides early warning of possible outbreaks
Hyperendemic
If a disease is constantly present at a high incidence &/or prevalence rate & affects all groups equally
Morbidity rate
The rate at which a disease or illness occurs in a population
Endemic
(of a disease) regularly occurring within an area or community.
Etiology
The cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition
Amyloid
Aggregation of prions that causes illness
Prion
Misfolded proteins that can transmit their state to other normal proteins; protein is an infectious agent, and can cause disease without nucleic acid
iatrogenesis
Harm brought forth by a healer or any unintended adverse patient outcome because of a health care intervention
Holoendemic
Almost everyone in the population is infected
Sequela
Condition that is a consequence of previous disease or injury
Epidemiology
The branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health
Incidence
The occurrence of new cases of disease or injuries in a population over a specified time period
Index Case
First patient in an Epidemiological study
Latent Period
The time in between when a person comes into contact with a pathogen and when they become infected
Classical Epidemiology
Population-oriented studies and studies of the origins of health-related nutrition of health related to nutrition, environment, human behavior, and the state of a population
Convalescent Carrier
A person who is clinically recovered from an infectious disease but is still capable of transmitting the infectious agent to others
Quarantine
Separation of well persons to monitor for illness
Isolation
Separation of ill persons to prevent transmission
Vector
An organism (such as an insect) that transmits a pathogen (ex. mosquito for a mosquito bite)
Vehicle or fomite
An inanimate object that can carry infection ex. water contamination
Modes of transmission
Direct which is direct contact, droplet spread, including STDs. Indirect is Airborne, Vehicle borne, Vector Borne
The Stages of disease
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Incubation (# of days infected before you see symptoms)
Prodromal (characteristic symptoms of infection occur)
illness (clinical symptoms of the disease manifests)
Decline (# pathogen particles begin to decrease)
Convalescence (symptoms resolve)
Infectivity
The proportion of exposed persons who become infected
Pathogenicity
The proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease
The Two Epidemiological Triads
Person, Place, Time
Agent, Host, Environment
Public Health Approach
Population oriented steps: surveillance, risk factor ID, intervention, implementation. The public health approach involves defining and measuring the problem, determining the cause or risk factors for the problem, determining how to prevent or ameliorate the problem, implementing effective strategies on a larger scale, and evaluating the impact
Clinical Approach
Individual. Clinical epidemiology is the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease in patient populations and the relationships between exposures or treatments and health outcomes.
Case Definition
Person, Place, Time, Clinical featuresz
Steps of Surveillance
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Data Interpretation
Data Dissemination
Link to action
Specificity Definition
The ability to designate an individual who does not have the disease as negative
Specificity Equation
[d/(b+d)0]*100
Sensitivity Definition
The ability to designate a person with a disease as positive
Sensitivity Equation
[a/(a+c)]*100
Odds Ratio Equation
AD/BC
Relative Risk Equation
a/(a+b)=R1
c/(c+d)=R2
R1/R2=Relative Risk for an risk factor
4 Steps of Food Safety Practices
- Clean
Wash your hands and surfaces often, wash vegetables) - Separate
Don’t cross-contaminate, keep animal products away from other food - Cook
to the right temperature - Chill
Refrigerate promptly, thaw food in cold water or microwave, never thaw food on the counter
Relative Risk
relative risk < 1
It may be a protective factor
relative risk = 1
indicates that the incidence rates of disease in the exposed group is equal to the incidence rates in unexposed groups
relative risk >1
indicates a positive association or an increased risk.
Confounding Bias
A variable, (pollution), that can cause the disease that is being studies study (cancer) and is also associated with exposure of interest. (smoking)
Sampling Bias
A specific type of selection bias where the chosen representatives for a country, area, etc, are misrepresented. In short, the people who are chosen to represent an area do not represent the area for the entire population.
Recall Bias
This is when people have to remember certain aspects and details. The human mind and memory are far from perfect so we will never be 100% sure when it comes to memory.
Observation bias
If a the subject knows that they’re being observed they will change their behavior
5 Divisions of the CDC
Center for Forecasting and Outbreak Analytics (CFA)
Global Health Center (GHC)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH)
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
Our Bradford Hill Criteria Remembering Trick (Couldn’t think of a better one)
Steph Curry Saw The Big Green Person Catching Eccentric Amazing Racists
Smallpox
A virus that is the only virus that was eradicated by humans
Bradford Hill Criteria 1
- Strength
Establish strength of association, larger association = more likely causal
Bradford Hill Criteria 2
- Consistency
Whether it is reproducible across different circumstances, if so, more likely of an effect
Bradford Hill Criteria 3
- Specificity
Causation likely if a very specific population is at a specific site and disease with no other likely explanation, more specific association, larger probability of causal relationship
Bradford Hill Criteria 4
- Temporality
Effect must occur after the cause, if there is an expected delay between cause and expected effect, must occur after the delay
Bradford Hill Criteria 5
- Biological gradient
More exposure should = a greater incidence of the effect. Exceptions: Simple presence of cause can trigger effect, the inverse proportion may mean greater exposure leads to lower incidence
Bradford Hill Criteria 6
- Plausibility
A plausible mechanism between cause and effect is usually necessary, though may be limited by knowledge
Bradford Hill Criteria 7
- Coherence
Coherence between epidemiological and laboratory findings increases the likelihood of effect, however, the lack of laboratory evidence does not nullify the epidemiological effect on associations.
Bradford Hill Criteria 8
- (Experiment) Experimental evidence, when possible, is useful.
Primordial Prevention
Preventing the risk factor. For the condition of hypertension, primordial prevention would be the prevention of abnormal elevations of blood pressure (BP) among normotensive individuals.
