DNA Structure and replication

Question 1

Prokaryote, Eukaryote chromosome, and Plasmids

Answer 1

prokaryotes- are haploid (single chromosome). prokaryote contain plasmids ( small molecules replicate by themself)
Eukaryote - are diploid. ( double copy of chromosome from each parent). fungi, algea, and protozoa contain plasmids

Question 2

DNA pairing

Answer 2

A-T, G-C

Question 3

RNA pairing

Answer 3

A-U, G-C

Question 4

methylation group

Answer 4

it represses the gene transcription ( Stop) if added to DNA

Question 5

Transcription and Translation in Eukaryotes ( describe)

Answer 5

in the nucleus, Translation RNA takes place (DNA has histones and its linear). RNA leaves nucleus has introns and pre mRNA PROCESSING occurs in Cytoplasm where cut introns and keep exons and put a cap and take place. now TRANSLATION takes place. mRNA attaches to the ribosome for translation. three steps of translation. INITIATION- ribosomes bind to mRNA to start codon. ELONGATION- polypeptide chain elongates by successively adding amino acids. TERMINATION- when stop codon is encountered polypeptide is released

Question 6

Transcription and translation in prokaryote

Answer 6

TRANSCRIPTION takes place in the cytoplasm. circular DNA. no introns/ no mRNA processing. Translation and Transcription take place at the same time. on the promotor site (RNA polymerase attach) ribosome attaches start codon start and stop codon stop.

Question 7

operon: operator, Gene,

Answer 7

operator where repressor bind. genes are at the end of operon which attaches to polymerases new enzymes

Question 8

lactose operon

Answer 8

when no sugar operon is off but as soon available bacteria want operon to be on so enzymes can be made and use the sugar to make ATP.
lac operon attaches to the repressor and changes its shape. so the repressor can move away from operon.

Question 9

Trp operon

Answer 9

controls the production of tryptophan an anmino acid.
bacteria produce continuously. so when too much in the environment, it activates the repressor which attaches to the repressor and turn of the operon. also called repressor operon.

Question 10

Regulatory genes

Answer 10

regulatory are often expression of the proteins. it typically codes for a repressor which bind to the promoter or operator

Question 11

Framshift mutation (deletion or insertion)

Answer 11

major difference in Amino acid sequence

Question 12

Silent mutation

Answer 12

only one change but no change in amino acid sequence

Question 13

Missence (one base change)

Answer 13

slightly different amino acid sequence

Question 14

Transformation

Answer 14

when cell takes up DNA from enviornment

Question 15

Transduction

Answer 15

virus effects it. virus transfer genes into a prokaryote

Question 16

Bacterial conjugation

Answer 16

transfer genes by attachment to another

Question 17

Transposons

Answer 17

they enter in cell and move one place to another and replicate while moving then move into plasmids and transfer to another cell.