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Biology of Cells 3 > DNA structure and replication > Flashcards

DNA structure and replication Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA structure and replication

Griffith’s experiment

A
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2
Q

DNA structure and replication

What bacteria was Griffith working with?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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3
Q

DNA structure and replication

Who used purification methods to reveal that DNA is the genetic material?

A

Avery, Macleod and McCarty

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4
Q

DNA structure and replication

Avery, MacLeod and McCarty’s experiment

A

Built on the work of Griffith

Added DNase, RNase and proteases to the collonies of type R bacteria with purified type S DNA

RNase and protease had no effect on transformation

When DNase applied no transformation occured

DNA was proven to be the genetic material

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5
Q

DNA structure and replication

Why did Avery, MacLeod and McCarty need to carry out their test?

A

The purified DNA from type S could still contain peices of RNA and protein that could be causing the transformation rather than the DNA

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6
Q

DNA structure and replication

Hershey and Chase

A

Studied T2 virus infecting Escherichia

Put them in a blender to seperate the virus coat from the bacteria

Used radioactive labels on proteins and DNA

Found that it was DNA that was injected into bacteria and not protein

Supported DNA as the genetic material

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7
Q

DNA structure and replication

Radioactive labels Hershey and Chase used and what they labeled

A

35S labelled proteins

32P labelled DNA

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8
Q

DNA structure and replication

What year was Hershey and Chase’s experiment?

A

1952

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9
Q

DNA structure and replication

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects bacterial cells

Made of protein and DNA

Injects it’s DNA into the bacteria

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10
Q

DNA structure and replication

Genome

A

The complete complement of an organisms genetic material

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11
Q

DNA structure and replication

3 components of nucleotides?

A

Phosphate group

Pentose sugar

Nitrogenous base

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12
Q

DNA structure and replication

What pentose sugar is used in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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13
Q

DNA structure and replication

What bases are found in DNA?

A

Adenine

Guanine

Thymine

Cytosine

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14
Q

DNA structure and replication

2 types of nitrogenous base

A

Purines

Pyrimidines

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15
Q

DNA structure and replication

Which nitrogenous bases are Purines?

A

Adenine

Guanine

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16
Q

DNA structure and replication

Which nitrogenous bases are Pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine

Thymine (DNA)

Uracil (RNA)

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17
Q

DNA structure and replication

Way of remembering which base is a purine and which is a pyrimidine in DNA

A

Pyrimidines have y’s in their name

Thymine

Cytosine

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18
Q

DNA structure and replication

What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?

A

Ribose has a OH instead of a H on 2’ carbon

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19
Q

DNA structure and replication

Differences in bases between DNA and RNA

A

Uracil replaces Thymine

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20
Q

DNA structure and replication

Which part of the deoxyribose does the base attach to?

Which part of the deoxyribose does the phosphate attache to?

A
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21
Q

DNA structure and replication

Which part of the nucleotides form the backbone of DNA?

A

Phosphates

Pentose sugars

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22
Q

DNA structure and replication

What projects from the DNA backbone

A

The bases

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23
Q

DNA structure and replication

Which direction does DNA go?

A

5’ to 3’

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24
Q

DNA structure and replication

Who proposed the double helix structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick with Wilkins

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25
Q

DNA structure and replication

Erwin Chargoff

A

Analysed the base composition of DNA

Discovered the specific pairing of base pairs

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26
Q

DNA structure and replication

Rosalind Franklin

A

Used X-ray diffraction

Findings were crucial to Watson and Crick

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27
Q

DNA structure and replication

What keeps the two strands of DNA held together?

A

Hydrogen bonds between the base pairs

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28
Q

DNA structure and replication

Even though hydrogen bonds are quite weak, how does it keep the DNA strands together?

A

Lots of them so creates a lot of strength together

29
Q

DNA structure and replication

Which base pairs pair with which other base pair in DNA?

A

A - T

C - G

30
Q

DNA structure and replication

How many base pairs are there per turn of the helix?

A

10

31
Q

DNA structure and replication

DNA is antiparralel, what does this mean?

A

One strand runs 5’ to 3’

The other runs 3’ to 5’

32
Q

DNA structure and replication

Is DNA uniform in it’s helix shape?

A

No

33
Q

DNA structure and replication

What were the proposed models of DNA replication in the 1950’s?

A

Semi-conservative

Conservative

Dispersive

34
Q

DNA structure and replication

Semi-conservative model of replication

A
35
Q

DNA structure and replication

Conservative model of DNA replication

A
36
Q

DNA structure and replication

Dispersive model of DNA replication

A
37
Q

DNA structure and replication

Meselson and Stahl experiment

A

Grew E.coli in medium with only 15N

Then switched to a medium with only 14N

Collected smaple after each generation

38
Q

DNA structure and replication

Meselson and Stahl Results

A

Parental generation formed a heavy band

Strands of generation after parental formed a band that was half-heavy

Generation after that formed a hald-heavy band and a light band

39
Q

DNA structure and replication

Meselson and Stahl interpretation of results

A

As there were still a half-heavy band after a few generations DNA replication must produce a parental strand and a new strand

Supports semi-conservative model

40
Q

DNA structure and replication

Why did Meleson and Stahl’s research not support the conservative theory?

A

If the theory was correct then there would be a heavy band and a light band after the first round of DNA replication

41
Q

DNA structure and replication

Why does Meleson and Stahl’s research not support the dispersive theory of DNA replication

A

There wouldn’t be too bands

There would be a increasingly lighter band as the daughter cells would each recieve half the 15N DNA the parental cell had

42
Q

DNA structure and replication

How many origins of replication do eukaryots have?

A

Multiple

43
Q

DNA structure and replication

Which way does DNA replicate?

A

From the 5’ end to the 3’ end (from the point of view of the new strand)

44
Q

DNA structure and replication

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

45
Q

DNA structure and replication

What is the opening the origin of replication creates called?

A

Replication bubble

46
Q

DNA structure and replication

Which is the leading strand in DNA replication?

A

The strand that runs 5’ to 3’ in the direction the direction the replication fork is moving

47
Q

DNA structure and replication

Which is the lagging strand in DNA replication?

A

The strand that runs 3’ to 5’ in the direction the replication fork is moving

As if it’s going the wrong way

48
Q

DNA structure and replication

How is the lagging strand produced in DNA replication?

A

Okazaki fragments are created and then later connected to each other

49
Q

DNA structure and replication

DNA helicase

A

Binds to DNA and travels 5’ to 3’

Uses ATP to seperate the strands and move the replication fork forward

50
Q

DNA structure and replication

DNA topoisomerase

A

Relives additional coiling ahead of the repliaction fork

51
Q

DNA structure and replication

What keeps the parental strands open to act as templates?

A

Single-strand binding proteins

52
Q

DNA structure and replication

DNA polymerase III

A

Covalently links nucleotides together

53
Q

DNA structure and replication

What seperates the strands of DNA during DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase

54
Q

DNA structure and replication

Deoxynucleoside triphsophates

A

Free nucleotides with 3 phosphate groups

55
Q

DNA structure and replication

What provides the energy to connect adjacent nucleotides?

A

Breaking the covelant bond to release pyrophosphate (2 phosphate groups) from the deoxynucleoside triphosphates

56
Q

DNA structure and replication

Why can DNA only be synthesised in the 5’ to 3’ direction?

A

DNA polymerase III can only work in the 5’ to 3’ direction of the new strand

57
Q

DNA structure and replication

Why is DNA replication very accurate?

A
  1. Hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs is more stable than mismatched base pairs
  2. The active site of DNA polymerase if unlikely to form bonds if nucleotides pairs are mismatched
  3. DNA ploymerase removes mismatched pairs
58
Q

DNA structure and replication

DNA ligase

A

Links together gaps between nucleotides

59
Q

DNA structure and replication

Where are telomeres found?

A

At the end of DNA strands

60
Q

DNA structure and replication

Role of telomerase

A

Attaches many copies of repeated DNA sequences to the ends of the chromosomes

This provides and upstream site for the DNA primer

61
Q

DNA structure and replication

If it wasn’t for telomerase what would happen?

A

Our chromosomes would shorten every time our DNA replicated

62
Q

DNA structure and replication

What is required for DNA sysnthesis to begin on a template strand

A

A RNA primers needs to be placed

63
Q

DNA structure and replication

What makes the RNA primer?

A

DNA primase

64
Q

DNA structure and replication

3’ overhang

A

Telomere at 3’ end does’t have a complimentary strand

65
Q

DNA structure and replication

Senescent cells

A

Cells that have lost the ability to divide

Stuck in G1

66
Q

DNA structure and replication

How many times will an infant’s cell double?

A

About 80 times

67
Q

DNA structure and replication

How many times can an older person’s cells double?

A

10-20 times

68
Q

DNA structure and replication

Why do older people’s cells multiply less than infants?

A

Their telomeres are shorter

This is because the function of telomerase decreases with age

69
Q

DNA structure and replication

If the decreasing function of telomerase is at fault for cells aging and being able to multiple less and less, why not insert more into our bodies?

A

Leads to uncontrollable cell division - cancer

90% of cancers involve high levels of telomerase

Biology of Cells 3 (2 decks)

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