DNA sequencing Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

____________ is the process of determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

A

DNA sequencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 major Nucleotides?

A
  • Adenine (A)
  • Thymine (T)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Guanine (G)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The order of ___________ in a DNA molecule determines the ___________

A

nucleotides; genetic code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_____________ the set of instructions for building and maintaining an organism.

A

genetic code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two main types of DNA sequencing methods?

A
  • Sanger method
  • next-generation sequencing (NGS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chain-termination method

A

Sanger sequencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sanger sequencing uses _____________ to terminate DNA synthesis.

A

dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dideoxynucleotides are similar to nucleotides, but they lack a ____________ which is necessary for DNA synthesis to continue

A

3’-hydroxyl group,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

To perform Sanger sequencing, a DNA sample is amplified using ________ and then incubated with a mixture of ________________ The ddNTPs will randomly terminate DNA synthesis, resulting in a series of DNA fragments of different lengths. The DNA fragments are then separated by ______________ and the sequence of the DNA molecule is determined by reading the order of the bands on the gel.

A
  • PCR
  • ddNTPs and dNTPs
  • gel electrophoresis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_______________ is a collection of methods that can sequence DNA much faster and more cheaply than Sanger sequencing.

A

Next-generation sequencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the advantages of NGS?

A

sequence much faster & more cheap then Sanger sequencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

NGS methods typically involve __________________, meaning that many DNA molecules are sequenced simultaneously

A

massively parallelizing the sequencing process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Two techniques employed in NGS?

A
  • Sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS)
  • Sequencing-by-ligation (SBL)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

NGS methods have revolutionized the _____________ making it possible to sequence entire genomes at a relatively low cos

A

field of genomics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are examples of wide applications of NGS?

A
  • research,
  • diagnostics,
  • and personalized medicine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the first DNA sequencing method to be developed

A

Sanger sequencing

17
Q

Give the advantages and disadvantages of Sanger sequencing

A

Pros:
Relatively simple and Straightforward

Cons:
Time consuming and expensive to sequence large DNA molecules

18
Q

What are the steps involved in Sanger sequencing?

A
  1. The DNA sample is amplified using PCR.
  2. The amplified DNA is incubated with a mixture of ddNTPs and dNTPs.
  3. The ddNTPs will randomly terminate DNA synthesis, resulting in a series of DNA fragments of different lengths.
  4. The DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis.
  5. The order of the nucleotides in the DNA molecule is determined by reading the order of the bands on the gel.
19
Q

the most common type of NGS method

A

Sequencing-by-synthesis

20
Q

how does SBS work?

A

It works by sequencing the DNA molecule one nucleotide at a time.

21
Q

used to image the surface and determine the order of the nucleotides in the DNA molecule.

A

laser

22
Q

how does SBL work?

A

sequencing the DNA molecule one fragment at a time

23
Q

contain sequences that are known to bind to the sequencing machine

A

adapters

24
Q

reads the order of the nucleotides in the chain.

A

Sequencing machine

25
Q
A