DNA SECTION 1

Question 1

What are nucleic acids referred to as?

Answer 1

the molecules of life

Question 2

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Answer 2

They have the ability to store important information which controls cellular activity so that organisms are able to carry out all the basic processes- through protein synthesis

Question 3

Name the two different nucleic acids:

Answer 3

1. RNA; Ribonucleic acid
2. DNA; Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 4

What are the monomers of nucleic acids called?

Answer 4

Nucleotides

Question 5

What are the nucleotides made up of (3)?

Answer 5

• Nitrogenous base
• Sugar portion
• Phosphate Group

Question 6

What is nuclear DNA?

Answer 6

DNA found in the nucleus

Question 7

What is extra-nuclear DNA?

Answer 7

DNA found outside the nucleus

Question 8

Where can nuclear DNA be found?

Answer 8

Wrapped around histones (proteins)

Question 9

Where can extra-nuclear DNA be found?

Answer 9

In the…
Chloroplast: Chloroplastic DNA
Mitochondria: Mitochondrial DNA

Question 10

What is the main function of DNA?

Answer 10

Control the synthesis of proteins
Enzymes (modified proteins) control metabolic activities in a cell -> DNA controls the structure and functioning of cells

Question 11

What does DNA do with hereditary characteristics?

Answer 11

Transmits them from parent to offspring

Question 12

What is the sugar molecule of DNA referred to as?

Answer 12

Deoxyribose

Question 13

What is the big nitrogenous base group called?

Answer 13

Purines (Adenine and Guanine)

Question 14

What is the small nitrogenous base group called?

Answer 14

Pyrimidines (Cytosine and Thymine)

Question 15

List two examples of Pyrimidines:

Answer 15

Cytosine and Thymine

Question 16

List two examples of Purines:

Answer 16

Adenine and Guanine

Question 17

How does a long chain of sugars and phosphates form?

Answer 17

The sugar molecule of a nucleotide attaches to the phosphate ion of another by sugar-phosphate bonds

Question 18

What does Cytosine always pair with?

Answer 18

Guanine

Question 19

What does Adenine always pair with?

Answer 19

Thymine

Question 20

What bond is between cytosine and guanine?

Answer 20

3 hydrogen-bonds

Question 21

What bond is between adenine and thymine?

Answer 21

2 hydrogen-bonds

Question 22

Describe DNA’s structure?

Answer 22

double stranded ladder-like DNA structure which twists so that 1 strand coils around the other and forms a double helix

Question 23

What is DNA’s natural structure?

Answer 23

a double helix

Question 24

Describe a Gene:

Answer 24

a small portion of DNA which carries the genetic code for the formation of a particular characteristic or trait portions of DNA that do not carry any codes —> non-coding DNA

Question 25

Who put forward the mode of the double helix DNA?

Answer 25

James Watson and Francis Crick

Question 26

what did Watson and Crick discover about the amounts of C&G and A&T

Answer 26

They had similar amounts

Question 27

What is DNA replication

Answer 27

The process where DNA makes an exact copy of itself

Question 28

When does DNA replication occur?

Answer 28

During Interphase

Question 29

During mitosis the nucleus can slip into 2 and each cell will have a different/ the same number of chromosomes

Answer 29

same

Question 30

Describe the process of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Answer 30

1. The double helix unwinds 2. Weak hydrogen-bonds between the nitrogenous bases break and 2 strands of DNA unzip/ separate 3. Each original DNA strand serves as a template to form a new strand 4. By attaching to free nucleotides from the from the nucleoplasm 5. they form complementary strands (A to T and C o G) 6. Each DNA molecule consists of 1 original strand and 1 new strand 7. The result is two genetically identical DNA molecules

Question 31

Each cell is different/identical to each other and the parent cell

Answer 31

identical

Question 32

What is DNA profiling?

Answer 32

A pattern of black bars left on x-ray film when an extract of DNA is put through a special process

Question 33

Provide the definition for DNA profiling:

Answer 33

A method of identifying an individual by comparing his/her profile with another known DNA fingerprint

Question 34

What do we use DNA profiling for?

Answer 34

- Proof of paternity - Tracing missing persons - Identifications of genetic disorders - Establishing family relations - Matching tissues for organ transplants Identifying dead persons/animals

Question 35

What does RNA stand for?

Answer 35

Ribonucleic acid

Question 36

List the 3 different types of RNA

Answer 36

- Messenger RNA - Transfer RNA - Ribosomal RNA

Question 37

What is the main function of RNA?

Answer 37

Plays an important role in protein synthesis

Question 38

What is the sugar of RNA?

Answer 38

Ribose

Question 39

Describe the natural structure of RNA:

Answer 39

Single stranded, not coiled

Question 40

What differs surrounding nitrogenous bases of RNA and DNA

Answer 40

RNA: Uracil DNA: Thymine

Question 41

What differs surrounding strands of RNA and DNA

Answer 41

RNA: Single stranded molecule DNA: Double stranded molecule

Question 42

What differs surrounding location of RNA and DNA

Answer 42

RNA: nucleus & cytoplasm DNA: nucleus, chloroplast & mitochondria

Question 43

What differs surrounding length of RNA and DNA

Answer 43

RNA: short molecule DNA: long molecule

Question 44

What differs surrounding sugar of RNA and DNA

Answer 44

RNA: Ribose DNA: Deoxyribose

Question 45

Similarities between RNA and DNA: (3)

Answer 45

1. Both contain sugar alternating with a phosphate 2. both contain adenine, guanine and cytosine 3. both play a role in protein synthesis

Question 46

Explain the processes of (Transcription) protein synthesis:

Answer 46

1. The double helix DNA unwinds 2. The double stranded DNA unzips: hydrogen bonds break to form two separate strands 3. One strand is used as a template to form mRNA 4. Using free RNA nucleotides from the nucleoplasm 5. The mRNA is complementary to the DNA 6. mRNA now has the coded message for protein synthesis

Question 47

Explain the processes of (Translation) protein synthesis:

Answer 47

1. Each tRNA carries a specific amino acid 2. When the anticodon on the tRNA matches the codon on the mRNA 3. Then the tRNA brings the required amino acid to the ribosome 4. Amino acids become attached to each other via peptide bonds to form required proteins

Question 48

What are amino acids?

Answer 48

Monomers of proteins (smallest building blocks)

Question 49

What happens when amino acids combine?

Answer 49

Water is released (dehydration synthesis)

Question 50

2 AA 3 or more AA

Answer 50

Dipeptide Polypeptide

Question 51

How many different amino acids exists?

Answer 51

20

Question 52

What determines the order of the amino acids?

Answer 52

the proteins that form

Question 53

What determines the sequence that the amino acids combine?

Answer 53

the sequence of the nitrogenous bases

Question 54

What determines the order that the tRNA are going to be attached to the mRNA?

Answer 54

the sequence of the nitrogenous bases on the mRNA

Question 55

What determines the sequence of bases on mRNA?

Answer 55

the sequence of the nitrogenous bases

Question 56

What determines sequence that AA's are going to combine?

Answer 56

the sequence of the tRNAs

Question 57

What determines which proteins form?

Answer 57

the sequence of that AA's are going to be combined

Question 58

List the 3 stages of protein synthesis:

Answer 58

1. Trasncription 2. Movement of mRNA out of the nucleus 3. Translation

Question 59

DNA carries the code to determine which .... are going to be formed

Answer 59

Proteins

Question 60

Where is tRNA found?

Answer 60

cytoplasm

Question 61

Where is mRNA found?

Answer 61

nucleus

Question 62

Where does mRNA move from and to?

Answer 62

from out of the nucleus and attaches to the ribosome in the cytoplasm

Question 63

What makes up the ribosomes in the cytoplasm?

Answer 63

rRNA