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B6 - Inheritance, Variation and Evolution > DNA - sec1 > Flashcards

DNA - sec1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

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2
Q

What is the DNA’s function?

A

It is a chemical that all the genetic material in a cell is made up from

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3
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

Coded information - Instructions to put an organism together and make it work

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4
Q

What determines your inherited characteristics?

A

What’s in your DNA

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5
Q

Name where DNA is found.

A

Nucleus of animal and plant cells, in really long structures - chromosomes

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6
Q

Name the features of a chromosome.

A

Long, thread-like structures

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7
Q

What do chromosomes come in?

A

Normally in pairs

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8
Q

Name a polymer.

A

DNA

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9
Q

What is a DNA made up of?

A

Two strands coiled together - shape of a double helix

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10
Q

What does a gene code for?

A

A specific protein

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11
Q

Define a gene.

A

A small section of DNA found in a chromosome

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12
Q

What does EACH gene code for?

A

A particular sequence of amino acids which are put together to make a specific protein.

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13
Q

What do genes tell cells?

A

In what order to put amino acids together

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14
Q

What does DNA determine?

A

What proteins the cell produces - Haemoglobin/Keratin

Which determines what type of cell it is - Red blood cell /Skin cell

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15
Q

Define a genome.

A

Entire set of genetic material in an organism

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16
Q

True or False - Scientists have worked out the complete human genome.

A

True

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17
Q

Why is understanding the human genome a really important tool?

A

For science and medicine:

  • Identify genes that link to different types of diseases
  • Knowing genes linked to inherited diseases will help understand them better and develop effective treatments
  • Trace migration
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18
Q

How do scientist trace migration in a human genome?

A

All modern humans descend from a common ancestor who lived in Africa, now humans are all over the world - the human genome is identical in all individuals.
But as people migrated away from Africa, gradually develop tiny differences in genomes.
Investigating these differences, scientists can work out when new populations split off in a different direction and what route they took.

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19
Q

Define a nucleotide.

A

Repeating units

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20
Q

Name a polymer.

A

DNA strands

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21
Q

What does each nucleotide consist of?

A

One sugar molecule, one phosphate molecule and one ‘base’

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22
Q

What does the sugar and phosphate molecule produce?

A

In the nucleotide it forms a ‘phosphate backbone’ to the DNA strands

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23
Q

What are sugar and phosphate molecules?

A

Alternate

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24
Q

What does each base link to?

A

A base on the opposite strand of the helix

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25
Q

Give examples of complimentary base pairing?

A

A always pairs up with T

C always pairs up with C

26
Q

What does the order of bases in a gene decide?

A

The order of amino acids in a protein

27
Q

What does each amino code for?

A

A sequence of three bases in the gene

28
Q

What does the amino acids join together to make various proteins?

A

Depending on the order of the genes bases

29
Q

True or False : Are there parts of DNA that don’t code for proteins.

A

True

30
Q

What do DNA do when their parts don’t code for proteins?

A

Some of these non-coding parts switch genes on and off, so they control whether or not a gene is expressed
(used to make a protein)

31
Q

What does mRNA carry?

A

The code to the ribosomes

32
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

Cell cytoplasm on ribosomes

33
Q

What features do ribosomes have?

A

Tiny structures

34
Q

How do you make proteins?

A

Ribosomes use the code in the DNA. DNA is found in the cell nucleus and can’t move out = big.
So the cell needs to get the code from the DNA to the ribosomes

35
Q

What is used to make proteins?

A

mRNA

36
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Copying the code from DNA

37
Q

What does the mRNA act as?

A

Messenger between the DNA and the ribosome - it carries the code between the two

38
Q

What is brought to the ribosomes in the correct order by carrier molecules?

A

The correct amino acid

39
Q

Name protein functions

A

Enzymes
Hormones
Structural proteins

40
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Act as biological catalyst to speed up chemical reactions in the body

41
Q

What do hormones do?

A

Carry messages around the body.

Insulin is a hormone released into the blood by pancreas to regulate the blood sugar level

42
Q

What do structural hormones do?

A

Physically strong

Collagen is a structural protein that strengthens connective tissues - ligaments/cartilage

43
Q

Define mutations.

A

Are random changes to the genetic code.

44
Q

State what might a gene occasionally do?

A

Mutate

45
Q

State what genes can sometimes be?

A

Inherited

46
Q

What do mutations occur?

A

Continuosly

47
Q

Explain what mutations also occur?

A

Spontaneously - When a chromosome isn’t quite replicated properly.
However, the chance of mutation is increased by exposure of certain substances or some types of radiation

48
Q

What do mutations change?

A

The sequence of DNA bases in a gene which produces a genetic variant

49
Q

Define genetic variant

A

A different form of the gene.

50
Q

How do mutations lead to changes to proteins?

A

As the sequence of DNA bases code for the sequence of amino acids that make up a protein, mutations to a gene sometimes lead to changes in the protein that it codes for.

51
Q

What do most mutations have on proteins?

A

Very little or no effect - some proteins will change it such a small extent that its function/appearance is unaffected

52
Q

What do some mutations have on proteins?

A

Seriously affect - sometimes the mutation will code for an altered protein with a change in it’s shape.

53
Q

How does the mutation affect on an altered protein with a change in its shape?

A

It could affects its ability to perform its function

54
Q

What happens if the shape of an enymes active site is changed?

A

It’s substrate may no longer be able to bind it

55
Q

What happens if the structural proteins - collagen lose their strength if their shape is changed?

A

Making them pretty useless at providing structure and support

56
Q

What occurs if there’s a mutation in non-coding DNA?

A

It can alter how genes are expressed

57
Q

What are insertions?

A

Where a new base is inserted into the DNA base sequence where it shouldn’t be

58
Q

What does an insertion change?

A

The way the groups of three bases are ‘read’ which can change the amino acids that they code for

59
Q

What can insertions change?

A

More than one amino acids as they have a knock-on effect on the bases further on in the sequence

60
Q

What are deletions?

A

Deletions are when a random base is deleted from the DNA base sequence

61
Q

What can deletions change?

A

They can change the way that the base sequence is ‘read’ and have a knock-on effect further down the sequence.

62
Q

What are substitutions?

A

Substitution mutations are when a random base in the DNA base sequence is changed to a different base

B6 - Inheritance, Variation and Evolution (3 decks)

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