DNA,RNA, Protein Synthesis

Question 1

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 2

What are the building blocks (monomers) of DNA?

Answer 2

Nucleotide

Question 3

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 3

Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

Question 4

What are the 4 nitrogen bases present in DNA?

Answer 4

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

Question 5

What are Purines? How many rings do they have?

Answer 5

Adenine/Guanine, 2

Question 6

What are pyrimidines? How many rings do they have?

Answer 6

Thymine/Cytosine, 1

Question 7

The double helix structure of DNA was discovered by 4 scientists - what are their names and what was the year?

Answer 7

James Watson(1953), Francis Crick(1953), Rosalind Franklin(1952), Maurice Wilkins(1951)

Question 8

What did Erwin Chargaff discover?

Answer 8

ratios of (A) to (T) and (G) to (C) are equal

Question 9

What is the “backbone” of DNA made up of?

Answer 9

Deoxyribose and phosphate groups

Question 10

What holds the DNA molecule together?

Answer 10

Hydrogen bonds

Question 11

The nitrogen bases are always connected to the (sugar or phosphate)?

Answer 11

Sugar

Question 12

Name the complementary strands of a DNA molecule.

Answer 12

Adenine (A) is always paired with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) is always paired with Guanine (G)

Question 13

What enzyme “unzips” the 2 strands of DNA in DNA replication?

Answer 13

DNA Helicase

Question 14

What does DNA polymerase do?

Answer 14

“Zips up 2 strands of DNA, one preexisting strand and a new strand”

Question 15

If one strand of DNA if ATT CCG, what is the other complementary strand of DNA?

Answer 15

TAA GGC

Question 16

What are the 3 types of RNA? What does each type do?

Answer 16

Messenger:Carries genetic info of DNA from nucleus to cytoplasm
Transfer:Carries amino acids to ribosome
Ribosomal:Metabolic molecule aids in protein synthesis

Question 17

What are 4 differences between RNA and DNA?

Answer 17

DNA is double-stranded/ RNA is usually single-stranded
DNA is deoxyribose/RNA contains ribose
DNA uses the bases A,T,C,G/RNA uses A,C,G and Uracil

Question 18

What is transcription? Where does it occur in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?

Answer 18

RNA molecules produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into complementary sequence in RNA/ Nucleus

Question 19

Briefly describe the steps of transcription.

Answer 19

Enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to promoter site
Seperation of complementary DNA strands
RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as template, nucleotides assembled into a strand of RNA
RNA polymerase reaches termination site, new RNA released
RNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm

Question 20

What enzyme is responsible for transcription?

Answer 20

RNA Polymerase

Question 21

How does mRNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell?

Answer 21

Read by ribosome to make a protein in cytoplasm, Protein synthesis transports, moves, protects, supports, communicates, regulates

Question 22

If an RNA molecule contains the sequence AAC GCU, what is the sequence of the DNA molecules from which it was made?

Answer 22

TTG CGA

Question 23

A series of 3 mRNA nitrogen bases that contains the information needed to make proteins are called what?

Answer 23

Codon

Question 24

What is the universal start codon and what amino acid does it code for?

Answer 24

AUG Methionine

Question 25

What are the 3 stop codons?

Answer 25

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 26

What is translation? Where does it occur in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?

Answer 26

Sequence of nitrogenous bases in new RNA strand translated into amino acids/ cytoplasm

Question 27

Find the mRNA strand, tRNA anticodon and amino acid sequence for the following DNS strand: TAC CCT CAT ACT

Answer 27

AUG GGA GUA UGA UAC CCU CAU ACU Iso Pro His Thre

Question 28

What does the word “mutation” mean?

Answer 28

A change in the structure of the genes or chromosomes of an organism

Question 29

Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are called ____

Answer 29

Gene Mutation

Question 30

Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as _____

Answer 30

Chromosomal Mutation

Question 31

In what way(s), if any, do most mutations change organisms?

Answer 31

changing its physical characteristics

Question 32

What are the 3 examples of gene (point) mutations?

Answer 32

Substitution, Insertion, Deletion

Question 33

Insertions and deletions usually result in frameshift mutations. What does this mean?

Answer 33

The Frame or the way you read the RNA strand shifts left or right

Question 34

What are the 4 examples of chromosomal mutations? Explain each.

Answer 34

deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation