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Biology > DNA,RNA, Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA,RNA, Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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2
Q

What are the building blocks (monomers) of DNA?

A

Nucleotide

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

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4
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases present in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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5
Q

What are Purines? How many rings do they have?

A

Adenine/Guanine, 2

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6
Q

What are pyrimidines? How many rings do they have?

A

Thymine/Cytosine, 1

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7
Q

The double helix structure of DNA was discovered by 4 scientists - what are their names and what was the year?

A

James Watson(1953), Francis Crick(1953), Rosalind Franklin(1952), Maurice Wilkins(1951)

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8
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff discover?

A

ratios of (A) to (T) and (G) to (C) are equal

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9
Q

What is the “backbone” of DNA made up of?

A

Deoxyribose and phosphate groups

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10
Q

What holds the DNA molecule together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

The nitrogen bases are always connected to the (sugar or phosphate)?

A

Sugar

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12
Q

Name the complementary strands of a DNA molecule.

A

Adenine (A) is always paired with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) is always paired with Guanine (G)

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13
Q

What enzyme “unzips” the 2 strands of DNA in DNA replication?

A

DNA Helicase

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14
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

“Zips up 2 strands of DNA, one preexisting strand and a new strand”

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15
Q

If one strand of DNA if ATT CCG, what is the other complementary strand of DNA?

A

TAA GGC

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA? What does each type do?

A

Messenger:Carries genetic info of DNA from nucleus to cytoplasm
Transfer:Carries amino acids to ribosome
Ribosomal:Metabolic molecule aids in protein synthesis

17
Q

What are 4 differences between RNA and DNA?

A

DNA is double-stranded/ RNA is usually single-stranded
DNA is deoxyribose/RNA contains ribose
DNA uses the bases A,T,C,G/RNA uses A,C,G and Uracil

18
Q

What is transcription? Where does it occur in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?

A

RNA molecules produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into complementary sequence in RNA/ Nucleus

19
Q

Briefly describe the steps of transcription.

A

Enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to promoter site
Seperation of complementary DNA strands
RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as template, nucleotides assembled into a strand of RNA
RNA polymerase reaches termination site, new RNA released
RNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm

20
Q

What enzyme is responsible for transcription?

A

RNA Polymerase

21
Q

How does mRNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell?

A

Read by ribosome to make a protein in cytoplasm, Protein synthesis transports, moves, protects, supports, communicates, regulates

22
Q

If an RNA molecule contains the sequence AAC GCU, what is the sequence of the DNA molecules from which it was made?

A

TTG CGA

23
Q

A series of 3 mRNA nitrogen bases that contains the information needed to make proteins are called what?

A

Codon

24
Q

What is the universal start codon and what amino acid does it code for?

A

AUG Methionine

25
Q

What are the 3 stop codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

26
Q

What is translation? Where does it occur in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?

A

Sequence of nitrogenous bases in new RNA strand translated into amino acids/ cytoplasm

27
Q

Find the mRNA strand, tRNA anticodon and amino acid sequence for the following DNS strand: TAC CCT CAT ACT

A

AUG GGA GUA UGA
UAC CCU CAU ACU
Iso Pro His Thre

28
Q

What does the word “mutation” mean?

A

A change in the structure of the genes or chromosomes of an organism

29
Q

Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are called ____

A

Gene Mutation

30
Q

Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as _____

A

Chromosomal Mutation

31
Q

In what way(s), if any, do most mutations change organisms?

A

changing its physical characteristics

32
Q

What are the 3 examples of gene (point) mutations?

A

Substitution, Insertion, Deletion

33
Q

Insertions and deletions usually result in frameshift mutations. What does this mean?

A

The Frame or the way you read the RNA strand shifts left or right

34
Q

What are the 4 examples of chromosomal mutations? Explain each.

A

deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation

Biology (4 decks)

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