DNA, RNA, protein, lipids, chromosomes, and carbohydrates Flashcards
1
Q
What does the acronym D.N.A. stand for
A
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
2
Q
What are amino acids
A
macromolecules used to make proteins
3
Q
What is a macromolecule
A
A molecule made from other molecules
4
Q
What are the four DNA bases
A
Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, and Thymine
5
Q
What base does Cytosine pair with
A
Guanine
6
Q
What base does Thymine pair with
A
Adenine
7
Q
What is a base
A
Nitrogen containing molecules in nucleic acids
8
Q
What are nucleic acids
A
Complex carbon based molecules that are used in the protein synthesis process
9
Q
What elements are nucleic acids made of
A
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphate
10
Q
What are enzymes
A
Ball shaped proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions
11
Q
What is the protein in hair
A
Keratin a structural protein
12
Q
What does DNA do
A
It contains the code to turn amino acids into proteins
13
Q
What does the order of bases in DNA do
A
The orders make different proteins. If the order is changed it can still make the same proteins but can change the way you look from your skin color to your hair to your eye color to your height.
14
Q
Where is DNA located
A
The cell nucleus
15
Q
What is the DNA backbone made of
A
A pattern alternating between 5-carbon sugar and phosphate groups
16
Q
What are the 4 types of lipids
A
Fats, oils, steroids, and waxes
17
Q
How much more energy do lipids have than proteins
A
About twice as much
18
Q
What do cells do to starch
A
They break them down into glucose
19
Q
How many bases are in a codon
A
3
20
Q
What amino acid is T-A-C
A
Tyrosine
21
Q
What amino acid is T-C-G
A
Serine
22
Q
What base does C stand for
A
Cytosine
23
Q
What base does G stand for
A
Guanine
24
Q
What base does A stand for
A
Adenine
25
What base does T stand for
Thymine
26
What is the amino acid A-T-T
Isoleucine
27
what is the amino acid T-G-T
Cysteine
28
What nucleic acid reads the code and makes the proteins out of amino acids
RNA
29
What does the acronym R.N.A. mean
RiboNucleic acid
30
In RNA what base is used instead of thymine
Uracil
31
What does RNA do
RNA reads the genetic code in DNA and turns amino acids into proteins
32
What base does uracil pair with
Adenine
33
How many proteins are in the body
100,000
34
What does hemoglobin do
It carry’s oxygen though the blood
35
How many calories are in a gram of protein
4
36
How many bonds does a lipid need to be unsaturated
2
37
What are lipids that contain a phosphate group called
Phospholipids
38
What is the lipid cholesterol necessary to do
Make hormones
39
What do plants store chemical energy in
Oils
40
What do animals store chemical energy in
Fat
41
What elements are lipids made of
Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
42
Is butter saturated or unsaturated fat
Saturated
43
Where is the lipid cholesterol located
Liver, spinal cord, and your brain
44
How many times could your DNA stretch to the moon and back
600
45
What elements are carbohydrates made of
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
46
What is the chemical formula for glucose
C6H12O6
47
What is the name of the process plants use to make their own glucose
Photosynthesis
48
What is the name of the complex carbohydrate molecules that make up the cell wall of cells
Cellulose
49
Which type of sugar is found in RNA
ribose
50
How many types of RNA are there
3
51
What type of RNA transports the information from the cell nucleus to the RNA types in the cytoplasm
mRNA
52
What are the types of RNA
messenger, ribosomal, transfer
53
What type of RNA makes ribosome subunits and works with tRNA to assemble proteins
rRNA
54
The process when parts of DNA are used as templates for RNA to make proteins
Transcription
55
What kind of RNA decodes the mRNA message from the DNA and moves amino acids to make proteins
tRNA
56
Where is RNA located
In the cell nucleus and cell cytoplasm
57
(True/false) cytosine pairs with uracil
False
58
(True/false) carbohydrates are a type of lipid
False
59
(True/false) the brain is the only part of the body that needs carbohydrates
True
60
(True/false) steroids are lipids
True
61
(True/false) lipids are made of the same elements as carbohydrates
True
62
(True/false) lipids are a glycerol molecules with 3 fatty acids attached to it
True
63
(True/false) lipids are polar molecules
False
64
What are the purines in DNA/RNA
Adenine and guanine
65
What are the pyrimidines in DNA
cytosine and thymine
66
What are the pyrimidines in RNA
cytosine and uracil
67
What is an other name for the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA
genes
68
What is another name for proteins
Polypeptides
69
What is another name for amino acids
Polyceptides
70
How long is mRNA
500-1000 nucleotides
71
What is a amino acid sequence called
A codon
72
What is the start codon called
Methionine
73
What amino acid is A-U-G
Methionine
74
What is U-A-A
A stop codon
75
How long is rRNA
100-3000 nucleotides
76
What are ribosomes made of
Protein and RNA
77
Where does protein synthesis occur
At the ribosomes
78
How many codons are there
64
79
What attaches to the end of tRNA
A amino acid
80
Why does a amino acid attach to the end of tRNA
To be moved to the ribosomes so it can be attached to the amino acid chain
81
What are the RNA bases on the other side of tRNA called
A anticodon
82
What are transcription and translation
The two phases of protein synthesis
83
What is RNA polymerase
A enzyme required to copy DNA by separating the DNA strands
84
What is the template strand
The strand of DNA copied by mRNA
85
What are promoters
Regions of DNA where mRNA binds to the DNA strand for transcription
86
What is TATA box
A sequence in the promoter
87
What are terminals
Sequences on DNA that send signals to stop the transcription process
88
What are introns
Parts of DNA that were snipped of during transcription
89
What does the enzyme ligase do
Reconnects the strands of DNA after transcription
90
What are exons
Parts of DNA that code for proteins that are reconnected
91
What is translation
The process of decoding mRNA to make proteins
92
What are Ribosomes made of
40% RNA and 60% protein
93
What are the two tRNA sites called
P and A
94
What is the first part of translation called
Initiation
95
How many tRNAs fit in a ribosome at a time
2
96
What is the second part of translation
Elongation
97
What is elongation
The connecting of amino acids by peptide bonds
98
What element is N
Nitrogen
99
What element is H
Hydrogen
100
What element is O
Oxygen
101
What element is P
Phosphorus
102
What element is S
Sulfur
103
What is the last stage of translation called
Termination
104
What are chromosomes made of
Protein and a single DNA molecule
105
Why do cells divide
To make new cells
106
During cell division what has to stay intact
DNA
107
What happens to DNA after cell division
It gets evenly distributed among cells
108
What can defective chromosomes cause
Certain types of Cancer
109
What do chromosomes do
They make sure DNA stays tightly rapped around proteins called histones
110
How are linear chromosomes arranged
in pairs within the nucleus of the cell
111
What serves as the human sells powerhouse
Mitochondrial
112
What are circular chromosomes in
Mitochondrial
113
How many chromosomes do humans have in each cell
23 pairs
114
What do centromeres do
They make sure chromosomes are perfectly aligned during cell division
115
Where are telomeres located
At the ends of the chromosome
116
What type of sugar is in DNA
Doexyribose
117
What type of sugar is in RNA
Ribose
118
What RNA has a large and a small subunit
rRNA
119
What does the small ribosomal subunit attach to
mRNA
120
What happens at the same time that mRNA attaches to the small ribosome subunit
A tRNA attaches to a certain codon sequence in the complex
121
What happens after a tRNA attaches to the small subunit
The large subunit attaches to the small subunit
122
What happens when rRNA reaches a termination codon (terminal)
The tRNA releases the amino acid chain and the protein synthesis process restarts
123
What amino acid is C-T-A
leucine
124
What amino acid is C-G-A
Arginine
125
What are the two non genetic nucleotides
Adenosine triphosphate and cyclic AMP
126
What does mitochondria make?
ATP energy
127
What type of bond connects bases
Hydrogen bonds
128
What type of bond connects a deoxyribose sugar with a phosphate
Covalent bonds
129
What two numbers are used to denote the ends of a DNA strand
5’/Five Prime and 3’/Three Prime
130
If a piece of a DNA strand has the sequence 5’-AGATTGC-3’ what is the sequence on the other strand.
5’-GCAATCT-3’
131
If a piece of a DNA strand has the sequence 5’-ATGCGTC-3’ what is the sequence on the other strand.
5’-GACGCAT-3’
