DNA, RNA, protein, lipids, chromosomes, and carbohydrates Flashcards
What does the acronym D.N.A. stand for
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
What are amino acids
macromolecules used to make proteins
What is a macromolecule
A molecule made from other molecules
What are the four DNA bases
Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, and Thymine
What base does Cytosine pair with
Guanine
What base does Thymine pair with
Adenine
What is a base
Nitrogen containing molecules in nucleic acids
What are nucleic acids
Complex carbon based molecules that are used in the protein synthesis process
What elements are nucleic acids made of
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphate
What are enzymes
Ball shaped proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions
What is the protein in hair
Keratin a structural protein
What does DNA do
It contains the code to turn amino acids into proteins
What does the order of bases in DNA do
The orders make different proteins. If the order is changed it can still make the same proteins but can change the way you look from your skin color to your hair to your eye color to your height.
Where is DNA located
The cell nucleus
What is the DNA backbone made of
A pattern alternating between 5-carbon sugar and phosphate groups
What are the 4 types of lipids
Fats, oils, steroids, and waxes
How much more energy do lipids have than proteins
About twice as much
What do cells do to starch
They break them down into glucose
How many bases are in a codon
3
What amino acid is T-A-C
Tyrosine
What amino acid is T-C-G
Serine
What base does C stand for
Cytosine
What base does G stand for
Guanine
What base does A stand for
Adenine
What base does T stand for
Thymine
What is the amino acid A-T-T
Isoleucine
what is the amino acid T-G-T
Cysteine
What nucleic acid reads the code and makes the proteins out of amino acids
RNA
What does the acronym R.N.A. mean
RiboNucleic acid
In RNA what base is used instead of thymine
Uracil
What does RNA do
RNA reads the genetic code in DNA and turns amino acids into proteins
What base does uracil pair with
Adenine
How many proteins are in the body
100,000
What does hemoglobin do
It carry’s oxygen though the blood
How many calories are in a gram of protein
4
How many bonds does a lipid need to be unsaturated
2
What are lipids that contain a phosphate group called
Phospholipids
What is the lipid cholesterol necessary to do
Make hormones
What do plants store chemical energy in
Oils
What do animals store chemical energy in
Fat
What elements are lipids made of
Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
Is butter saturated or unsaturated fat
Saturated
Where is the lipid cholesterol located
Liver, spinal cord, and your brain
How many times could your DNA stretch to the moon and back
600
What elements are carbohydrates made of
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What is the chemical formula for glucose
C6H12O6
What is the name of the process plants use to make their own glucose
Photosynthesis
What is the name of the complex carbohydrate molecules that make up the cell wall of cells
Cellulose
Which type of sugar is found in RNA
ribose
How many types of RNA are there
3
What type of RNA transports the information from the cell nucleus to the RNA types in the cytoplasm
mRNA
What are the types of RNA
messenger, ribosomal, transfer
What type of RNA makes ribosome subunits and works with tRNA to assemble proteins
rRNA
The process when parts of DNA are used as templates for RNA to make proteins
Transcription
What kind of RNA decodes the mRNA message from the DNA and moves amino acids to make proteins
tRNA
Where is RNA located
In the cell nucleus and cell cytoplasm
(True/false) cytosine pairs with uracil
False
(True/false) carbohydrates are a type of lipid
False
(True/false) the brain is the only part of the body that needs carbohydrates
True
(True/false) steroids are lipids
True
(True/false) lipids are made of the same elements as carbohydrates
True
(True/false) lipids are a glycerol molecules with 3 fatty acids attached to it
True
(True/false) lipids are polar molecules
False
What are the purines in DNA/RNA
Adenine and guanine
What are the pyrimidines in DNA
cytosine and thymine
What are the pyrimidines in RNA
cytosine and uracil
What is an other name for the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA
genes
What is another name for proteins
Polypeptides
What is another name for amino acids
Polyceptides
How long is mRNA
500-1000 nucleotides
What is a amino acid sequence called
A codon
What is the start codon called
Methionine
What amino acid is A-U-G
Methionine
What is U-A-A
A stop codon
How long is rRNA
100-3000 nucleotides
What are ribosomes made of
Protein and RNA
Where does protein synthesis occur
At the ribosomes
How many codons are there
64
What attaches to the end of tRNA
A amino acid
Why does a amino acid attach to the end of tRNA
To be moved to the ribosomes so it can be attached to the amino acid chain
What are the RNA bases on the other side of tRNA called
A anticodon
What are transcription and translation
The two phases of protein synthesis
What is RNA polymerase
A enzyme required to copy DNA by separating the DNA strands
What is the template strand
The strand of DNA copied by mRNA
What are promoters
Regions of DNA where mRNA binds to the DNA strand for transcription
What is TATA box
A sequence in the promoter
What are terminals
Sequences on DNA that send signals to stop the transcription process
What are introns
Parts of DNA that were snipped of during transcription
What does the enzyme ligase do
Reconnects the strands of DNA after transcription
What are exons
Parts of DNA that code for proteins that are reconnected
What is translation
The process of decoding mRNA to make proteins
What are Ribosomes made of
40% RNA and 60% protein
What are the two tRNA sites called
P and A
What is the first part of translation called
Initiation
How many tRNAs fit in a ribosome at a time
2
What is the second part of translation
Elongation
What is elongation
The connecting of amino acids by peptide bonds
What element is N
Nitrogen
What element is H
Hydrogen
What element is O
Oxygen
What element is P
Phosphorus
What element is S
Sulfur
What is the last stage of translation called
Termination
What are chromosomes made of
Protein and a single DNA molecule
Why do cells divide
To make new cells
During cell division what has to stay intact
DNA
What happens to DNA after cell division
It gets evenly distributed among cells
What can defective chromosomes cause
Certain types of Cancer
What do chromosomes do
They make sure DNA stays tightly rapped around proteins called histones
How are linear chromosomes arranged
in pairs within the nucleus of the cell
What serves as the human sells powerhouse
Mitochondrial
What are circular chromosomes in
Mitochondrial
How many chromosomes do humans have in each cell
23 pairs
What do centromeres do
They make sure chromosomes are perfectly aligned during cell division
Where are telomeres located
At the ends of the chromosome
What type of sugar is in DNA
Doexyribose
What type of sugar is in RNA
Ribose
What RNA has a large and a small subunit
rRNA
What does the small ribosomal subunit attach to
mRNA
What happens at the same time that mRNA attaches to the small ribosome subunit
A tRNA attaches to a certain codon sequence in the complex
What happens after a tRNA attaches to the small subunit
The large subunit attaches to the small subunit
What happens when rRNA reaches a termination codon (terminal)
The tRNA releases the amino acid chain and the protein synthesis process restarts
What amino acid is C-T-A
leucine
What amino acid is C-G-A
Arginine
What are the two non genetic nucleotides
Adenosine triphosphate and cyclic AMP
What does mitochondria make?
ATP energy
What type of bond connects bases
Hydrogen bonds
What type of bond connects a deoxyribose sugar with a phosphate
Covalent bonds
What two numbers are used to denote the ends of a DNA strand
5’/Five Prime and 3’/Three Prime
If a piece of a DNA strand has the sequence 5’-AGATTGC-3’ what is the sequence on the other strand.
5’-GCAATCT-3’
If a piece of a DNA strand has the sequence 5’-ATGCGTC-3’ what is the sequence on the other strand.
5’-GACGCAT-3’
