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STEM > DNA, RNA, protein, lipids, chromosomes, and carbohydrates > Flashcards

DNA, RNA, protein, lipids, chromosomes, and carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What does the acronym D.N.A. stand for

A

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

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2
Q

What are amino acids

A

macromolecules used to make proteins

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3
Q

What is a macromolecule

A

A molecule made from other molecules

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4
Q

What are the four DNA bases

A

Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, and Thymine

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5
Q

What base does Cytosine pair with

A

Guanine

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6
Q

What base does Thymine pair with

A

Adenine

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7
Q

What is a base

A

Nitrogen containing molecules in nucleic acids

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8
Q

What are nucleic acids

A

Complex carbon based molecules that are used in the protein synthesis process

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9
Q

What elements are nucleic acids made of

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphate

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10
Q

What are enzymes

A

Ball shaped proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions

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11
Q

What is the protein in hair

A

Keratin a structural protein

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12
Q

What does DNA do

A

It contains the code to turn amino acids into proteins

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13
Q

What does the order of bases in DNA do

A

The orders make different proteins. If the order is changed it can still make the same proteins but can change the way you look from your skin color to your hair to your eye color to your height.

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14
Q

Where is DNA located

A

The cell nucleus

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15
Q

What is the DNA backbone made of

A

A pattern alternating between 5-carbon sugar and phosphate groups

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of lipids

A

Fats, oils, steroids, and waxes

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17
Q

How much more energy do lipids have than proteins

A

About twice as much

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18
Q

What do cells do to starch

A

They break them down into glucose

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19
Q

How many bases are in a codon

A

3

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20
Q

What amino acid is T-A-C

A

Tyrosine

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21
Q

What amino acid is T-C-G

A

Serine

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22
Q

What base does C stand for

A

Cytosine

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23
Q

What base does G stand for

A

Guanine

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24
Q

What base does A stand for

A

Adenine

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25
Q

What base does T stand for

A

Thymine

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26
Q

What is the amino acid A-T-T

A

Isoleucine

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27
Q

what is the amino acid T-G-T

A

Cysteine

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28
Q

What nucleic acid reads the code and makes the proteins out of amino acids

A

RNA

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29
Q

What does the acronym R.N.A. mean

A

RiboNucleic acid

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30
Q

In RNA what base is used instead of thymine

A

Uracil

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31
Q

What does RNA do

A

RNA reads the genetic code in DNA and turns amino acids into proteins

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32
Q

What base does uracil pair with

A

Adenine

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33
Q

How many proteins are in the body

A

100,000

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34
Q

What does hemoglobin do

A

It carry’s oxygen though the blood

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35
Q

How many calories are in a gram of protein

A

4

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36
Q

How many bonds does a lipid need to be unsaturated

A

2

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37
Q

What are lipids that contain a phosphate group called

A

Phospholipids

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38
Q

What is the lipid cholesterol necessary to do

A

Make hormones

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39
Q

What do plants store chemical energy in

A

Oils

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40
Q

What do animals store chemical energy in

A

Fat

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41
Q

What elements are lipids made of

A

Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

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42
Q

Is butter saturated or unsaturated fat

A

Saturated

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43
Q

Where is the lipid cholesterol located

A

Liver, spinal cord, and your brain

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44
Q

How many times could your DNA stretch to the moon and back

A

600

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45
Q

What elements are carbohydrates made of

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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46
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose

A

C6H12O6

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47
Q

What is the name of the process plants use to make their own glucose

A

Photosynthesis

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48
Q

What is the name of the complex carbohydrate molecules that make up the cell wall of cells

A

Cellulose

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49
Q

Which type of sugar is found in RNA

A

ribose

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50
Q

How many types of RNA are there

A

3

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51
Q

What type of RNA transports the information from the cell nucleus to the RNA types in the cytoplasm

A

mRNA

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52
Q

What are the types of RNA

A

messenger, ribosomal, transfer

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53
Q

What type of RNA makes ribosome subunits and works with tRNA to assemble proteins

A

rRNA

54
Q

The process when parts of DNA are used as templates for RNA to make proteins

A

Transcription

55
Q

What kind of RNA decodes the mRNA message from the DNA and moves amino acids to make proteins

A

tRNA

56
Q

Where is RNA located

A

In the cell nucleus and cell cytoplasm

57
Q

(True/false) cytosine pairs with uracil

A

False

58
Q

(True/false) carbohydrates are a type of lipid

A

False

59
Q

(True/false) the brain is the only part of the body that needs carbohydrates

A

True

60
Q

(True/false) steroids are lipids

A

True

61
Q

(True/false) lipids are made of the same elements as carbohydrates

A

True

62
Q

(True/false) lipids are a glycerol molecules with 3 fatty acids attached to it

A

True

63
Q

(True/false) lipids are polar molecules

A

False

64
Q

What are the purines in DNA/RNA

A

Adenine and guanine

65
Q

What are the pyrimidines in DNA

A

cytosine and thymine

66
Q

What are the pyrimidines in RNA

A

cytosine and uracil

67
Q

What is an other name for the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA

A

genes

68
Q

What is another name for proteins

A

Polypeptides

69
Q

What is another name for amino acids

A

Polyceptides

70
Q

How long is mRNA

A

500-1000 nucleotides

71
Q

What is a amino acid sequence called

A

A codon

72
Q

What is the start codon called

A

Methionine

73
Q

What amino acid is A-U-G

A

Methionine

74
Q

What is U-A-A

A

A stop codon

75
Q

How long is rRNA

A

100-3000 nucleotides

76
Q

What are ribosomes made of

A

Protein and RNA

77
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur

A

At the ribosomes

78
Q

How many codons are there

A

64

79
Q

What attaches to the end of tRNA

A

A amino acid

80
Q

Why does a amino acid attach to the end of tRNA

A

To be moved to the ribosomes so it can be attached to the amino acid chain

81
Q

What are the RNA bases on the other side of tRNA called

A

A anticodon

82
Q

What are transcription and translation

A

The two phases of protein synthesis

83
Q

What is RNA polymerase

A

A enzyme required to copy DNA by separating the DNA strands

84
Q

What is the template strand

A

The strand of DNA copied by mRNA

85
Q

What are promoters

A

Regions of DNA where mRNA binds to the DNA strand for transcription

86
Q

What is TATA box

A

A sequence in the promoter

87
Q

What are terminals

A

Sequences on DNA that send signals to stop the transcription process

88
Q

What are introns

A

Parts of DNA that were snipped of during transcription

89
Q

What does the enzyme ligase do

A

Reconnects the strands of DNA after transcription

90
Q

What are exons

A

Parts of DNA that code for proteins that are reconnected

91
Q

What is translation

A

The process of decoding mRNA to make proteins

92
Q

What are Ribosomes made of

A

40% RNA and 60% protein

93
Q

What are the two tRNA sites called

A

P and A

94
Q

What is the first part of translation called

A

Initiation

95
Q

How many tRNAs fit in a ribosome at a time

A

2

96
Q

What is the second part of translation

A

Elongation

97
Q

What is elongation

A

The connecting of amino acids by peptide bonds

98
Q

What element is N

A

Nitrogen

99
Q

What element is H

A

Hydrogen

100
Q

What element is O

A

Oxygen

101
Q

What element is P

A

Phosphorus

102
Q

What element is S

A

Sulfur

103
Q

What is the last stage of translation called

A

Termination

104
Q

What are chromosomes made of

A

Protein and a single DNA molecule

105
Q

Why do cells divide

A

To make new cells

106
Q

During cell division what has to stay intact

A

DNA

107
Q

What happens to DNA after cell division

A

It gets evenly distributed among cells

108
Q

What can defective chromosomes cause

A

Certain types of Cancer

109
Q

What do chromosomes do

A

They make sure DNA stays tightly rapped around proteins called histones

110
Q

How are linear chromosomes arranged

A

in pairs within the nucleus of the cell

111
Q

What serves as the human sells powerhouse

A

Mitochondrial

112
Q

What are circular chromosomes in

A

Mitochondrial

113
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have in each cell

A

23 pairs

114
Q

What do centromeres do

A

They make sure chromosomes are perfectly aligned during cell division

115
Q

Where are telomeres located

A

At the ends of the chromosome

116
Q

What type of sugar is in DNA

A

Doexyribose

117
Q

What type of sugar is in RNA

A

Ribose

118
Q

What RNA has a large and a small subunit

A

rRNA

119
Q

What does the small ribosomal subunit attach to

A

mRNA

120
Q

What happens at the same time that mRNA attaches to the small ribosome subunit

A

A tRNA attaches to a certain codon sequence in the complex

121
Q

What happens after a tRNA attaches to the small subunit

A

The large subunit attaches to the small subunit

122
Q

What happens when rRNA reaches a termination codon (terminal)

A

The tRNA releases the amino acid chain and the protein synthesis process restarts

123
Q

What amino acid is C-T-A

A

leucine

124
Q

What amino acid is C-G-A

A

Arginine

125
Q

What are the two non genetic nucleotides

A

Adenosine triphosphate and cyclic AMP

126
Q

What does mitochondria make?

A

ATP energy

127
Q

What type of bond connects bases

A

Hydrogen bonds

128
Q

What type of bond connects a deoxyribose sugar with a phosphate

A

Covalent bonds

129
Q

What two numbers are used to denote the ends of a DNA strand

A

5’/Five Prime and 3’/Three Prime

130
Q

If a piece of a DNA strand has the sequence 5’-AGATTGC-3’ what is the sequence on the other strand.

A

5’-GCAATCT-3’

131
Q

If a piece of a DNA strand has the sequence 5’-ATGCGTC-3’ what is the sequence on the other strand.

A

5’-GACGCAT-3’

STEM (7 decks)

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