DNA & RNA (chapter 10)

Question 1

what are the components of monomers

Answer 1

sugars (deoxyribose), phosphates, nitrogenous bases

Question 2

nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA

Answer 2

Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine/Uracil, and Guanine

Question 3

what types of bonds pair nucleotides

Answer 3

hydrogen bonds

Question 4

complementary base pairing

Answer 4

Thymine with Adenine, Cytosine with Guanine

Question 5

structure of the DNA and RNA polymers

Answer 5

the same except RNA’s sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose, and instead of thymine RNA has Uracil

Question 6

3’ and 5’ orientation of DNA strands

Answer 6

one strand is 3’->5’ while the other is 5’->3’

Question 7

compare DNA to RNA

Answer 7

?

Question 8

explain how the structure of DNA contributes to replication

Answer 8

the double helix can break apart and create two identical strands

Question 9

describe the process of DNA replication

Answer 9

parent DNA is broken into various bubbles, the child DNA is 1/2 the parent 1/2 new stuff.

Question 10

3’ and 5’?

Answer 10

3’ Carbon has an OH, 5’ carbon has a phosphate

Question 11

leading vs lagging stands?

Answer 11

leading is going 5’->3’, lagging 3’->5’

leading is continuously synthesized while lagging is done in chunks

Question 12

whats the difference between how the leading and lagging strands replicate?

Answer 12

leading continually makes DNA, lagging has some RNA then DNA (later two other enzymes will remove the RNA and join together the segments)

Question 13

what are Okazaki fragments

Answer 13

short synthesized fragments of newly synthesized DNA on the lagging strand

Question 14

explain semiconservative replication

Answer 14

after the parent DNA splits, one strand of the new DNA will be the parent while the other will be newly synthesized

Question 15

role of the enzyme DNA polymerase

Answer 15

continually synthesizes for the leading stand also prevents mispairings, only works in the 5’->3’ direction

Question 16

role of the enzyme DNA ligase

Answer 16

unites the chunks of synthesized DNA in the lagging strand

Question 17

what are replication bubbles?

Answer 17

where the parent DNA splits. the two stands of newly synthesized DNA create a bubble until it reaches the ends of the parent DNA

Question 18

explain the process of transcription

Answer 18

the synthesis of RNA based on a DNA template

Question 19

complementary bases in RNA

Answer 19

Adenine with Uracil, Cytosine with Guanine

Question 20

where does transcription take place?

Answer 20

in the nucleus

Question 21

what does the enzyme RNA polymerase do?

Answer 21

transcribe RNA from a strand of DNA

Question 22

where does translation take place?

Answer 22

in the cytoplasm

Question 23

role of mRNA

Answer 23

gets info from DNA in nucleus and transports it out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm

Question 24

role of tRNA

Answer 24

transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to the ribosome

Question 25

role of ribosome

Answer 25

connects tRNA to mRNA, and synthesizes a series of amino acids that are the protein