DNA replication

Question 1

The main 5 lab techniques?

Answer 1

• DNA extraction
• restriction enzymes
• PCR
• Gel electrophoresis
• DNA sequencing

Question 2

Purpose of lab techniques

Answer 2

• mutations
• genetic diseases
• breeding programmes
• coat colour and pattern
• bloodlines
• identification

Question 3

Restriction enzymes

Answer 3

• enzymes cut at specific recognition sequences
• EcoRI -> CTTAAG
• some leave blunt ends
• some leave sticky ends

Question 4

PCR

Answer 4

• uses natural enzyme for replicating DNA - DNA polymerase
  1. Denaturing
  2. Annealing
  3. Extension

Question 5

Components of PCR

Answer 5

DNA sample
Primers
Nucleotides
Taq polymerase
Mix buffer 
PCR tube

Question 6

Describe denaturing PCR

Answer 6

Temperature increased to separate DNA strand

Question 7

Describe annealing PCR

Answer 7

Temperature is decreased to allow primers to base pair to complementary DNA template

Question 8

Describe Extension PCR

Answer 8

Polymerase extends primes to form nascent DNA strand

Question 9

What does exponential amplification mean?

Answer 9

Process is repeated and the region of interest is amplified exponentially

Question 10

Separating DNA fragments

Answer 10

DNA moves to the positive terminal due to its overall negative charge, largest fragments at the top, smallest at the bottom

Question 11

DNA probes is a…

Answer 11

single stranded sequence that is complimentary to a known region of DNA
The probe is labeled with a fluorescent tag, that can be detected

Question 12

Monogenic traits are controlled by…

Answer 12

A single gene

Question 13

Polygenic traits are

Answer 13

More than one gene locus contributes to the trait

Question 14

Var(A) =

Answer 14

variation due to alleles

Question 15

Var (P) =

Answer 15

total phenotypic variation

Question 16

Var(A)/Var(P) =

Answer 16

Heritability

Question 17

What affects the rate of genetic progress?

Answer 17

1. accuracy of selection
2. selection intensity
3. genetic variation
4. genetic interval

Question 18

What does the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium do?

Answer 18

Allows us to determine wether evolution has occurred or if changes in the gene frequencies in the population are occurring over time

Question 19

Can HW exist in real life?

Answer 19

NO

Question 20

The formulas for HW

Answer 20

p2+2pq + q2 =1
p + q = 1

p=freq of dominant allele
q= freq of recessive allele
p2 = % of homo dominant 
q2 = % of homo recessive
2pq = % of heterozygous