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DNA/Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

DNA(deoxyribose nucleic acid)

A

-polymer of nucleotides, A,T,C,G
-double helix structure consisting of 2 stands running in opposite directions
-A binds with T with a double hydrogen bonds
-G binds with C in a triple hydrogen bond

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2
Q

RNA (ribose nucleic acid)

A

-3 types of RNA
-mRNA = messenger RNA-relays the DNA message to the ribosome
-tRNA = transfer RNA-cloverleaf shape, carries amino acids to mRNA at the ribosome
-rRNA = ribosomal RNA-along with protein, makes up the structure of ribosomes

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3
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

-DNA=A-T G - C=Double Helix=Deoxyribose=Nucleus=Double stranded=one type
-RNA=A-G-C-U=linear=Ribose=Nucleus /cytoplasm=single stranded=3 types=mRNA,tRNA,rRNA

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4
Q

Watson and Crick

A

-1953=proposed the double helix structure of DNA
-Received the Nobel prize for their work
-hypothesized that DNA might be replicated by semiconservative replication

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5
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

-While working in Maurice Wilkins lab, she carried out X-ray crystallography analysis that shows DNA to be a helix
-She did not share the Nobel prize with Watson and Crick, because by the time the award was presented she was dead and the award is not handed out after someone is dead

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

-usually the largest organelle within a cell
-the cells control center
-it houses the chromosomes which store DNA and contain the nucleolus

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7
Q

Nucleolus

A

-the structure within the nucleus that produces rRNA, and integral component of the ribosome
-where RNA is made and ribosomes are assembled

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8
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

-a double membrane that surrounds and protects the DNA
-contains perforations called nuclear pores that allow movement of select materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm
-the inner layer is connected to the inner lamina, a series of protein microfilaments that help maintain the shape of the nucleus

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9
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

-part of the endomembrane system usually located just outside of the nucleus and consisting of a series of membranous channels
-responsible for protein synthesis and and packaging when studded with ribosomes, otherwise functions to create lipids and the breakdown of toxins

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10
Q

Ribosome

A

-the small granular organelle responsible for protein synthesis(translation)
-compromised of rRNA, and proteins and organized into a small and large subunits
-some float free within the cytoplasm and some are attached to the rough ER
-produces all the proteins the cell either requires or secretes
-are composed of RNA and proteins

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Chromosome

A

-The physical structure compromised of DNA, and supportive proteins that becomes visible in the nucleus during mitosis
-contains discrete units called genes that code for specific traits in organisms

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13
Q

Chromatin

A

-the condensed, thread like form of DNA present during the interphase that can be read for transcription and replication

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14
Q

Nucleotide

A

-the monomer building block of a nucleic acid
-consists of five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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15
Q

Deoxyribose

A

-The type of pentose sugar present in DNA nucleotides

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16
Q

Ribose

A

-the type of pentose sugar present in RNA nucleotides

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17
Q

Phosphate group

A

-The phosphate functional group that creates an organic phosphate when bonded to a hydrocarbon
-significant in cellular energy processes as a component in ATP and in nucleotides like DNA and RNA as a component of nucleotides

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18
Q

P-S-B

A

nucleotide- phosphate, sugar, base

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19
Q

Purine

A

-A type of nitrogenous base present in DNA and RNA containing 2 carbon rings
-examples include adenine and guanine

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20
Q

Pyrimidines

A

-a type of nitrogenous bade present in DNA and RNA containing one carbon based ring
-examples include thymine, cytosine, and uracil

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21
Q

DNA

A

-hereditary blueprint of a cell
-DNA is stored in chromosomes
-is constructed of a series of nucelotides

22
Q

Polynucleotide

A

-the polymer form of nucleic acid created as nucleotides covalently bond
-the form typical of DNA and RNA

23
Q

Nucleic acids

A

RNA-ribonucleic acid
DNA-deoxyribose nucleic acid
-polymers consisting of chains of nucleotides

24
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

-Adenine and thymine pair together by forming two hydrogen bonds
-Guanine and cytosine bond together by forming three hydrogen bonds

25
Hydrogen bonds
• The intermolecular interaction between a hydrogen atom on one molecule and an electronegative atom on another molecule. • Forms between the partially positive hydrogen atom in one water molecule and the partially negative oxygen atom in another water molecule. • Also contributes to the secondary and tertiary folding in proteins
26
RNA
-Ribonucleic acid -messenger,ribosomal,transfer -adenine,guanine,cytosine and uracil -takes part in the passing on of genetic information
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Double helix
-the structure assumed by the genetic material DNA -consists of two complementary strands of DNA running in opposite directions
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Initiation
Starting the development of a product
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Elongation
Continuing the development of a product
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Termination
Stopping the development of a product
31
DNA replication(parts)
1.helicase-untwists double helix at replication fork 2.single stranded binding proteins- scaffolding that holds the two DNA strands apart as they are copied 3.DNA ligaments- joined fragments together 4.primase- enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make primer 5. DNA polymerase- adds nucleotides only to end of an existing strand-proofreads new strands and carries out mismatch repair
32
DNA replication process
Initiation-DNA helicase unwinds and unzips Elongation- DNA polymerase complimentary matches base pairs Termination-DNA polymerase proofreads and corrects
33
Helicase
- **Function**: Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication. - **Energy Source**: It uses ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy. - **Importance**: Essential for accurate and efficient DNA replication.
34
Unwinds
The uncurling of a double helix
35
Unzip
Breaking the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
36
DNA polymerases
The enzymes responsible for the synthesis of the new complementary strands of DNA during replication. • Act by reading the exposed nucleotide on the original strand and pairing it up with a free complementary nucleotide.
37
Triplet
The sequence of 3 DNA nucleotides that code for a specific nucleic acid
38
Codon
The sequence of three RNA nucleotides in an mRNA transcript that codes for a specific amino acids
39
Anticodon
The sequence of three nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon and are responsible for transferring the appropriate amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain
40
mRNA(messenger RNA)
-it copies the information in the DNA strand -constructed through transcription
41
rRNA(ribosomal RNA)
-produced in the nucleolus -makes part of the ribosomes -Coordinates the translation of the mRNA transcript into a protein by reading each mRNA codon on the transcript and positioning the RNA with the complementary anticodon and respective amino
42
tRNA (transfer RNA)
-carries amino acids to the ribosomes -reads to instructions from the mRNA
43
Central dogma of biology
DNA-RNA-Protein Transcription-RNA processing-translation
44
Transcription
Initiation**: RNA polymerase binds to the DNA promoter region. 2. **Elongation**: RNA polymerase synthesizes the RNA strand using the DNA template. 3. **Termination**: Transcription stops at the terminator sequence and RNA is released. 4. **Processing** (in eukaryotes): Pre-mRNA undergoes capping, polyadenylation, and splicing to form mature mRNA. -process in which DNA makes RNA
45
Gene
-a discrete sequence of covalently bonded DNA at a given locus along a chromosome -codes for a protein and thus instructs the genetic expression of a trait
46
Promoter gene
The region where the RNA binds to begin transcription
47
Template strand
-the strand of DNA that is read by RNA polymerase and used as the model to build the complimentary mRNA transcript
48
RNA polymerase
Function**: Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template. - **Role**: Crucial for transcription, the first step in gene expression. - **Types**: - **RNA Polymerase I**: Transcribes ribosomal RNA (rRNA). - **RNA Polymerase II**: Transcribes messenger RNA (mRNA) and some small nuclear RNA (snRNA). - **RNA Polymerase III**: Transcribes transfer RNA (tRNA) and other small RNAs. - **Process**: - **Initiation**: Binds to DNA promoter region. - **Elongation**: Adds RNA nucleotides complementary to DNA template. - **Termination**: Releases RNA strand at termination signal.
49
Terminator
The sequences in a DNA strand at the end of a gene that signals the end of transcription to RNA polymerase
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Bio 12 (2 decks)

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