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Biology1006 > DNA II > Flashcards

DNA II Flashcards

1
Q

Haploid

A

Half the # of chromosomes

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2
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 diff alleles for a given gene

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3
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup/ set of alleles of an organism

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4
Q

DNA fingerprint

A

Used to link criminals to evidence found at the crime scene

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5
Q

Allelic Ladder

A

Used to compare the samples to

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6
Q

5 Possible Lab Mistakes

A
  1. Not changing tips
  2. Not wearing gloves
  3. Didn’t vortex it
  4. Tipped micropipetter
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7
Q

Falsifiable

A

Capacity for some proposition, statement, theory of hypothesis to be proven wrong

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8
Q

Parsimony

A

The principle of choosing the simplest scientific explanation to fit the evidence

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9
Q

Variable

A

An element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary or change

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10
Q

Control

A

A variable which remains unchanged or held constant

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11
Q

Replication

A

Using more that one group of subjects for each treatment.

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12
Q

Dependant Variable

A

AKA response variable. Measuring as a response to the independent variable.

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13
Q

Independant Variable

A

AKA treatment variable.

The one we are manipulating or monitoring

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14
Q

Error bars

A

Represent the uncertainty, error of the corresponding coordinate of the point

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15
Q

3 conditions for Hypotheses

A
  1. Has to be falsifiable
  2. Consider rule of parsimony
  3. Should have the potential to
    explain future phenomena
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16
Q

Gene

A

A piece of DNA, discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

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17
Q

Transcription

A

Synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

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18
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

AN enzyme which links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription

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19
Q

mRNA

A

Attaches to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein

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20
Q

Translation

A

Synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule

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21
Q

Codon

A

3 nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal

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22
Q

Reading Frame

A

On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis

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23
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to H-Bonding between constituents of the backbone

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24
Q

Assay as a NOUN

A

The test of concentration

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25
Q

Assay as a VERB

A

Determining an unknown concentration from a standard curve

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26
Q

Chromophore

A

An atom or group whose presence is responsible for the colour of a compound

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27
Q

X-axis

A

Horizontal - concentration of standard

28
Q

Y-axis

A

Vertical - absorbance

29
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable being tested and measured

30
Q

Error bars

A

Represents the uncertainty / error of the corresponding coordinate of the point

31
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable being changed and controlled

32
Q

Gene

A

Discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

33
Q

Gene expresssion

A

Process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins

34
Q

Operator

A

Sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach

35
Q

Repressor

A

A protein that inhibits gene transcription

36
Q

Promoter

A

A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of an gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place

37
Q

Variance

A

The state of being variable - a degree of variation

38
Q

F-ratio

A

Variance within/between treatments

39
Q

Null hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.

40
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup/ set of alleles of an organism which determine characteristics

41
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

One chr. from mom, one from dad which pair up in meiosis

42
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Two copies of a duplicated chromosome…are identical!

43
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division in sexually reproducing organisms…2 rounds…cells w half DNA as original

44
Q

Allele

A

Alternative versions of a gene

45
Q

Dominant allele

A

Fully expressed

46
Q

Recessive allele

A

NOT observed in a heterozygote

47
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable physical and physiological traits of an organism

48
Q

Sex-linked trait

A

Genes on the X or Y chromosome

49
Q

Autosome

A

NOT a sex chromosome (any other!)

50
Q

Allosome

A

A sex chromosome! (x,y)

51
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

2 sexes of the same species exhibit characteristics OTHER than that of their reproductive organs

52
Q

Y chromosome

A

Sex-determining chromosome only in males…Fewer genes that the X chromosome.

53
Q

Wildtype

A

The phenotype as the species most typically exists in nature

54
Q

Mitochondria

A

The site of organelle respiration - uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP

55
Q

Chloroplast

A

In plants and photosynthetic protists that absorb sunlight to synthesize organic compounds from CO2 and water

56
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical agent which increases the rate of rxn without being consumed in the reaction

57
Q

Anabolic

A

Consume energy to consume a complex molecule from simpler ones!:)

58
Q

Catabolic

A

Break down complex molecule to simpler ones….release energy!

59
Q

Succinate

A

Salt or ester of succinic acid…used as a substrate

60
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

2nd of two major steps of photosynthesis…DARK rxns.

61
Q

Starch

A

Storage polysaccharide in plants. Composed of glucose monomers linked with glycosidic linkages

62
Q

PI Curve - 3 components

A
  1. Compensation point
  2. PMax
  3. Slope
63
Q

P in PI represents…

A

Rate of photosynthesis

64
Q

I in PI represents

A

Irradiance/Light Intensity

65
Q

Compensaion Point

A

Point at which the rate of cellular respiration and photosynthesis balance out

Biology1006 (2 decks)

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