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biology: genetics, biodiversity and classification > dna, genes and chromosomes > Flashcards

dna, genes and chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

what is a nucleotide?

A

a monomer of DNA

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2
Q

what does a nucleotide consist of?

A

● phosphate

● deoxyribose sugar

● nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G)

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3
Q

what bond is between a phosphate and deoxyribose sugar in a nucleotide?

A

phosphodiester bond

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4
Q

what bond is between a deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous base?

A

glycosidic bond

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5
Q

draw and label a nucleotide

A

‎

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6
Q

what reaction joins together nucleotides?

A

condensation

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7
Q

what forms when lots of nucleotides are together?

A

polynucleotide (DNA)

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8
Q

how many nucleotide chains are there in DNA?

A

many million

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9
Q

describe the role of DNA

A

● carries genetic information

● determines our inherited characteristics

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10
Q

describe the structure of DNA (6)

A

● deoxyribose sugar

● phosphate group

● nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G)

● hydrogen bonds

● double stranded

● (double) helix

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11
Q

what is a codon / triplet?

A

● sequence of 3 DNA bases

● that code for a specific amino acid

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12
Q

what does the sugar phosphate backbone provide in DNA?

A

provides strength

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13
Q

why is DNA long?

A

to store more information (genes)

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14
Q

what is the number of polynucleotide strands in DNA?

A

2

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15
Q

why is DNA double stranded?

A

allows for a template during transcription

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16
Q

why does DNA have bases?

A

● code for proteins

● genetic information

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17
Q

which bases are described as purine (2 ring) bases?

A

● adenine

● guanine

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18
Q

which bases are described as pyramidine (1 ring) bases?

A

● thymine (or uracil)

● cytosine

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19
Q

number of A bases is equal to what?

A

number of T bases

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20
Q

number of C bases is equal to what?

A

number of G bases

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21
Q

what bond forms between complimentary bases?

A

hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

why are hydrogen bonds easily broken?

A

for replication

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23
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are between A and T?

A

2

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24
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are between C and G?

A

3

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25
why is DNA a helix / coiled?
makes it compact
26
is DNA anti parellel?
yes
27
what does anti parallel mean?
strands go in different ways
28
is DNA linear in eukaryotes?
yes
29
what is a gene?
● a section of DNA ● that codes for a protein / polypeptide ● and codes for functional RNA (rRNA / tRNA)
30
what is a genome?
complete set of genes in a cell
31
what is a proteome?
range of protein that cell is able to produce
32
what is an allele?
● different version of the same gene ● found at the same locus on a chromosome
33
what is a chromosome?
a structure consisting of a long, coiled molecule of DNA
34
what is DNA in chromosomes held in place by?
histones (a protein)
35
what does DNA and a histone create?
● a chromosome ● and chromatin fibres
36
what is a karyotype?
image of all 46 of someones chromosomes
37
what is the haploid number?
23
38
what is the diploid number?
46
39
what cells have 46 chromosomes?
body cells
40
what cells have 23 chromosomes?
gametes
41
what is homologous paring?
● where chromosomes from mother and father pair up ● carry same genes in same locations (are the same gene)
42
what is a loci / locus?
location of a gene (the fixed position on a DNA molecule occupied by a gene)
43
what is a centromere?
protein that holds together chromosome
44
how is prokaryotic DNA, mitochondrial DNA and chromosomal DNA different from eukaryotic DNA?
● shorter ● circular ● does not form chromosomes ● no introns ● not associated with proteins
45
what does a ribosome consist of?
● protein (large and small subunit) ● rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
46
what does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
47
what does ATP consist of?
● 3 phosphate groups ● ribose ● adenine
48
what bond is between phosphate groups in ATP?
covalent bonds
49
what enzyme is involved in the hydrolysis of ATP
ATP hydrolase
50
what is formed when ATP is hydrolysed?
● adenosine diphosphate ● a phosphate ● energy
51
how many phosphate groups does adenosine diphosphate have?
2
52
what enzyme is involved in the condensation reaction which reforms ATP from ADP?
ATP synthase
53
what is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP?
ATP -> ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate)
54
what is the equation for the condensation reaction of ADP?
ADP + Pi -> ATP
55
what are introns?
● non coding sections of DNA ● within gene ● makes up most DNA ● found between exons
56
what are exons?
coding sections of DNA
57
what are non-coding repeats?
● non coding sections of DNA ● outside / between genes
58
what are non-coding repeats used in?
● genetic fingerprinting ● crime scene investigation
59
describe the structure of RNA (6)
● ribonucleic acid ● single stranded ● no complimentary bases ● ribose sugar ● polypeptide chain ● uses uracil instead of thymine
60
describe the role of RNA
● transfers genetic information from DNA ● to ribosomes ● for protein synthesis
61
what are the 3 types of RNA?
● messenger RNA (mRNA) ● transfer RNA (tRNA) ● ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
62
what is mRNA? (4)
● single polynucleotide strand ● polypeptide chain ● copy of a gene ● sequence of bases on mRNA is complementary to the sequence it is copying
63
is mRNA shorter than DNA?
yes
64
is there hydrogen bonds in mRNA?
no
65
how many nucleotides are in a chain of mRNA?
several 100s-1000s
66
what are the purine bases in mRNA and tRNA?
● adenine ● guanine
67
what are the pyrimidine bases in mRNA and tRNA?
● uracil ● cytosine
68
what are 3 bases on mRNA known as?
a codon
69
is there hydrogen bonds in tRNA?
● yes ● gives molecule clover shape
70
how many nucleotides are in a chain of tRNA
75
71
what are the parts of tRNA?
● amino acid attachment site ● anticodon ● hydrogen bonds
72
what are anticodons?
● a sequence of three nucleotide bases at one end of a tRNA molecule ● specific to an mRNA codon
73
what are the features of genetic code? (3)
● universal ● non overlapping ● degenerate
74
what does universal mean?
same 3 bases code for same amino acid in all organisms
75
what does degenerate mean?
more than 1 codon codes for the same amino acids
76
what does non overlapping mean?
each base is only part of 1 codon

biology: genetics, biodiversity and classification (4 decks)

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