DNA exam Flashcards
What is GENETIC MATERIAL
biological information for your cells, and it tells your cells how to function.
What are the 4 major requirements that Genetic Material must meet?
1.) Information (must store info) 2.) transmission 3.) replication 4.) variation
T or F, all life on earth shares the exact same genetic material
T
T or F, DNA is NOT a polymer
F
What is the monomer of DNA
the Nucleotide
what are the three parts that make up NULEOTIDES?
1.) Pentose sugar, 2.) phosphate molecule, 3.) a nitrogenous base
what are PENTOSE SUGARS?
5-carbon carbohydrates
what is the sugar used in DNA?
deoxyribose
what does RNA use?
ribose
what do PURINES contain?
Guanine, and Adenine
what do PYRIDAMINES contain?
cytosine, thymine, and uracil
where do the nitrogenous bases attach at?
the 1’ carbon
how do the bases of DNA connect?
hydrogen bonding
Adenine and Thymine are held together by how many hydrogen bonds?
2
Cytosine and Guanine are held together by how many hydrogen bonds?
3
what are the positives of the DOUBLE HELIX?
the structure helps protect the DNA from other molecules that may be around it.
Where are the 2 places that water contacts the bases of the DNA?
The major groove, and The minor groove.
Which is bigger, the MAJOR GROOVE or the MINOR GROOVE, and what creates them?
Major is bigger, created by the DOUBLE HELIX. And MINOR GROOVE is smaller, created by the SUGAR PHOSPHATE BACKBONE
EXPLAIN. THE CYCLE OF HISTONES ( rmdr to watch video)
Histones stick together to form “beads on a string”. The “beads on a string” stick together with the wrapped DNA to turn into structures called NUCLEOSOMES, and the NUCLEOSOMES wrap up and form CHROMATIN
What are CHROMOSOMES made out of?
Condensed Chromatin
when do CHROMOSOMES tend to form?
when a cell is going to REPLICATE
How many Chromosomes to PROKARYOTIC cells have?
1
How many Chromosomes do EUKARYOTIC (cell)s have?
multiple
who proposed the structure of DNA?
James Watson, and Francis Crick
Explain Rosalind Franklin’s Discovery
she used X-RAY diffraction to study shapes of molecules
What did Erwin Chargaff contribute to the study of DNA?
he did chemical tests to analyze the composition of DNA
what is DNA’S function?
controls the cells functions, by controlling the synthesis of proteins in the cell
What are the proteins in DNA?
Enzymes, Cell membranes, hormones, antibodies, structural proteins/
T or F, protein is a polymer
T
What are the monomer of proteins made out of?
Amino Acids
What do Amino Acids connect to make?
peptides
What do peptides twit, connect, and bend to make?
proteins
there are HOW many diffrent amino Acids used by DNA to make proteins?
20
What do Amino Acids make?
peptide chains
The ___ of the protein allows it to perform the job that it completes
Shape
what is a GENE?
A sequence of DNA that codes for a single protein (polypeptide)
T or F, each protein will have the same characteristics
F
What are proteins made by
the RIBOSOME
explain how the RIBOSOME creates proteins, and what is this process called?
They take amino acids that you have eaten, and resembles them to match the code from your DNA to make the protein. Its called PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
explain the CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
information flows in one direction from DNA to RNA proteins, DNA can pass info to DNA, RNA, or PROTEINS through replication, and Proteins cannot pass information to other proteins.
what are the three processes summarized in the CENTRAL DOGMA of MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
replication, transcription, and translation
what is a RNA (description)
a link between DNA and proteins
explain the THREE MAJOR WAYS RNA differs from DNA
- It has a ribose sugar
- RNA has Uracil instead of thymine
- RNA is a single-stranded structure
which is evolutionarily older, RNA or DNA?
RNA
what does THYMINE do for DNA?
it gives DNA stability
which is more resistant, DNA or RNA
DNA
NAME THE STEPS TO PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Transcription, Translation,
what does TRANSCRIPTION do in PROTEIN SYNTHESIS? and where does it take place?
information from a gene (part of DNA) is coded into mRNA, done in the Nucleus
what does mRNA stand for?
messenger RNA
what does TRANSLATION do in PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, and where does it take place?
- the mRNA info is translated by the Ribosome, the ribosome then takes the info, and makes protein, RNA is translated into the language of proteins.
- In the ribosome
what are the THREE STAGES of TRANSCRIPTION?
- Initiation
- elongation
- termination
where does DNA TRANSCRIPTION tend to start? and where can it also start?
it tends to start at the TATA box, but can also start from a site called the PROMOTER
what is the TATA BOX?
a specific sequence of DNA that shows the cell where to begin making converting DNA to RNA
describe INITIATION in THE STAGES OF TRANSCRIPTION.
- RNA polymerase binds to DNA at the TATA box, or promoter
- RNA polymerase UNWINDS the DNA
CHEdescribe ELONGATION in THE STAGES OF TRANSCRIPTION.
- RNA polymerase reads the unwound section of DNA
- as RNA polymerase reads the DNA, it also creates a piece of RNA to match the code
- RNA Polymerase slides forward along the DNA and makes a longer section of RNA
describe TERMINATION in THE STAGES OF TRANSCRIPTION.
- RNA polymerase will encounter a section of DNA called the TERMINATOR
- this is a signal for the RNA Polymerase to leave the DNA and stop building the RNA section
what is a CODON?
a sequence of 3 nucleotides for a amino acid
what matches each codon to its amino acid function?
the Genetic code
t or f, codons code for the SAME amino acid, no matter the organism
T
what are ANTICODONS
A set of three nucleotides that is complementary to mRNA
what is a ANTICODON carried by?
a tRNA
what does tRNA stand for?
Transfer RNA
What do RIBOSOMES consist of?
proteins and RNA combined together
how many binding sites do the LARGE SUBUNITS of ribosomes have?
3
where does the small subunit of ribosomes bind to?
mRNA
