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Bio 110 > DNA, Cell Division, Genes > Flashcards

DNA, Cell Division, Genes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Mitosis

A

A form of cell division with produces two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and the mother cell

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2
Q

What is Meiosis

A

A form of cell division which produces four genetically unique daughter cells with half the ploidy of the mother cells

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3
Q

What is the function of crossing over?

A

The exchange of identical regions of homologous chromosomes during Prophase 1

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4
Q

What is the function of independent assortement

A

when tetrads line up in the middle of the cell in a random order. Occurs during Metaphase 1

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5
Q

What happens with spindle fibers?

A

spindle fibers separate chromosomes during Anaphase 1 and Anaphase 2. They are less likely to malfunction

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6
Q

Egg formation

A

cells which will become eggs start meiosis when the organism is still a fetus and then become paused before Metaphase 1. Spindle Fibers is as old as human females age

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7
Q

When is non-disjunction more likely in females?

A

During Anaphase 1

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8
Q

When is non-disjunction more likely in males?

A

During Anaphase 1 and Anaphase 2

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9
Q

What is a proto-oncogene?

A

it initiated or speeds up the rate of cell division

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10
Q

What is a tumor-suppressor gene?

A

A gene that inhibits or slows down the rate of cell division

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11
Q

What can mutation of genes lead to?

A

Oncogenes (Cancer -causing genes)

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12
Q

What is p53?

A

the protein p53 activates genes that stop the cell cycle. It is classified as a tumor-suppressor gene

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13
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Pre-programmed cell death

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14
Q

What is E2F?

A

produced by proto-oncogenes, promoting cell division

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15
Q

What is Rb?

A

produced by tumor suppressor genes, inhibit cell division

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16
Q

How does the G1 checkpoint operate?

A
  1. Growth factor arrives from other cells
  2. Growth factors cause the increas ein the cyclin and E2F concentrations.
  3. Cyclins bind to the CdK, cdK is phosphorylated. Rb inactivates E2F when binding to it
  4. Cdk is activated by dephosphorylation. it catalyzed phosphorylation of Rb
  5. Rb releases E2F
  6. E2F enters nucleus and triggers production of S-phase proteins
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17
Q

What are G2 cyclins and CDK?

A

As the cell progresses through the cell cycle, the concentration of G2 Cyclins increase. CDK levels remain constant. When the concentration of G2 cyclins becomes great enough, they bind with CDKs, forming a complex called MPF.

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18
Q

What does MPF do?

A
  1. initiates mitosis
  2. destroys G2 Cyclins
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19
Q

What is contact inhibition?

A

a process that causes cells to stop dividing if they are in physical contact with other cells. It prevents cells from overcrowding

20
Q

What is anchorage dependence?

A

allows cells to divide if they are anchored to other cells. prevents cells knocked loose.

21
Q

Describe the Hershey- Chase Experiment

A

it demonstrated that DNA, not protein was the molecule of heredity as in the experiment that was done the colonies infected with radiolabeled DNA had much more radioactivity.

22
Q

The product of meiosis is:
A. Two genetically identical daughter cells
B. Two genetically unique daughter cells
C. Four genetically identical daughter cells
D. Four genetically unique daughter cells

A

Four genetically unique daughter cells

23
Q

During what phase of meiosis to sister chromatids separate?

A

Anaphase II

24
Q
  1. When does crossing over occur?
A

Prophase I

25
Q

When is a non-disjunction most likely to occur during egg formation?

A

Anaphase I

26
Q

What happens to a cell which does not pass the G1 checkpoint?
A. It dies via apoptosis
B. It enters the S phase of the cell cycle
C. It enters the G0 phase of the cell cycle
D. It enters the G2 phase of the cell cycle

A

It enters the G0 phase of the cell cycle

27
Q

When is a non-disjunction most likely to occur during sperm formation?

A

Anaphase I & II are equally as likely

28
Q

The gene which produces E2F is classified as a

A

Proto-oncogene

29
Q

The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is due to

A

The degradation of G2 cyclins

30
Q

The gene which produces p53 is classified as a(n)

A

Tumor suppressor gene

31
Q

The genes which regulate contact inhibition are classified as:

A

Tumor suppressor genes

32
Q

MPF is composed of what?

A

Aggregations of G2 cyclins and CDKs

33
Q

. A cell lining an artery is knocked loose and is now floating free. However, it will not divide.
What is preventing this free floating cell from dividing?

A

Anchorage dependence

34
Q

A cell has very damaged DNA, and will not divide. What prevents this cell from dividing?
A. p53 activity
B. Contact inhibition
C. Anchorage dependence
D. Telomerase activity
E. None of the above

A

p53 activity

35
Q

Is DNA semi-conservative, conservative, or dispersive

A

semi-conservative

36
Q

Helicase

A

unwinds DNA double helix

37
Q

Topisomerase

A

removes supercoils

38
Q

Primase

A

creates short RNA primers

39
Q

DNA pol III

A

performs the majority of the DNA replication

40
Q

DNA pol I

A

removes primers and replaces them with DNA

41
Q

Ligase

A

used after DNA pol I removes the primer and joins the two Okazaki fragments

42
Q

How is all DNA synthesized

A

it is synthesized 5’ to 3’

43
Q

What are Okazaki fregments?

A

short pieces of DNA created in the lagging strand

44
Q

What is the function of DNA pol I

A

primers are removed and replaced with by DNA pol1

45
Q

What does Primase do?

A

Primase lays down a primer

46
Q

What does DNA pol III do?

A

DNA pol III synthesizes DNA all around the loop until it circles around the prime again.

47
Q
A

Bio 110 (1 decks)

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