DNA and the Production of Proteins

Question 1

what structure does the nucleus of a cell contain

Answer 1

chromosomes

Question 2

what does the nucleus contain

Answer 2

genetic information - these are not the instructions that code for our characteristics

Question 3

what are chromosomes split up into

Answer 3

smaller segments called GENES

Question 4

what is a gene

Answer 4

a section or a chromosome which codes for a protein

Question 5

what is the DNA molecule called

Answer 5

double stranded helix

Question 6

what is a double helix

Answer 6

• two strands of DNA each of which contains a backbone with bases attached
• the bases are joined to each other to form the double helix

Question 7

what are the 4 bases called

Answer 7

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

Question 8

the genes on a chromosome are made up of a…

Answer 8

sequence of bases

Question 9

what does each different sequence of bases do

Answer 9

instructs the cell to make a specific protein such as hormones, enzyme, antibody

Question 10

what are proteins made up of chains of

Answer 10

amino acids

Question 11

what will put one particular amino acid into the chain and what is this called

Answer 11

THREE bases in the genetic code

this is called protein synthesis (occurring in the ribosomes)

Question 12

where must DNA stay in

Answer 12

nucleus

Question 13

what is messenger RNA

Answer 13

A special molecule that carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from the DNA, in the nucleus to a ribosome, where the protein is assembled from amino acids

Question 14

what are the 5 types of proteins

Answer 14

Structural 
enzyme 
hormone 
antibodies 
receptors

Question 15

what’s the function of the structural protein

Answer 15

give strength and support to cellular structures

Question 16

what’s the function on an enzyme protein

Answer 16

speed up chemical reactions

Question 17

what is the function of the hormone protein

Answer 17

chemical messengers that travel in the blood

Question 18

what is the function of antibodies

Answer 18

fight infection

Question 19

what is the function of receptors

Answer 19

these allow cells to recognise specific substances

Question 20

what do enzymes function as

Answer 20

biological catalysts and are made by all living cells

Question 21

what do enzymes speed up

Answer 21

chemical reactions and are unchanged in the process

Question 22

what site do enzymes have

Answer 22

active site - where the chemical reaction occurs

Question 23

what reactions can enzymes speed up

Answer 23

degradation reaction

synthesis reaction

Question 24

explain degradation reaction

Answer 24

when large molecules are broken into smaller molecules such as glucose

Question 25

examples of degradation reactions

Answer 25

- amylase breaks down starch into maltose (SAM) | - catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water (HPCOW)

Question 26

explain a synthesis reaction

Answer 26

when small molecules things are built up together to make larger molecules

Question 27

example of a synthesis reaction

Answer 27

phosphorylase synthesises glucose-1-phosphate into starch (GPS)

Question 28

what affects enzyme activity

Answer 28

pH and temperature

Question 29

what temperature are enzymes most active at

Answer 29

body temperature at 37*c

Question 30

what will happen if temperature and pH changes beyond an enzymes optimum

Answer 30

the shape of the enzyme changes (denatured)