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Biology > DNA and RNA > Flashcards

DNA and RNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA and RNA are both types of

A

Nucleic acids

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2
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

What is the role of DNA

A

To store genetic information

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4
Q

What does RNA stand for

A

Ribonucleic acid

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5
Q

What is the main function of RNA

A

to transfer genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

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6
Q

Molecules of DNA and RNA are polymers of

A

Nucleotides

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7
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

a type of biological molecule which is made from three different components, a pentose sugar, a nitrogen-containing organic base and a phosphate group

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8
Q

What is a pentose sugar

A

a sugar with 5 carbon atoms

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9
Q

What does it mean if a base is organic

A

Organic means that it contains carbon

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10
Q

many nucleotides join together to form

A

Polynucleotide strands

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11
Q

Nucleotides join up by what reaction between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another

A

condensation reaction

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12
Q

what bond forms between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another nucleotide

A

Phosphodiester bond

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13
Q

What does a phosphodiester bond consist of

A

One phosphate group and two ester bonds

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14
Q

What is the chain of phosphate and sugars known as

A

sugar-phosphate backbone

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15
Q

What structure does DNA have

A

a double helix structure

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16
Q

A DNA molecule is formed from two

A

separate strands which wind around each other to form a spiral

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17
Q

What are DNA strands

A

Polynucleotide

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18
Q

DNA molecules are

A

long and coiled tightly so a lot of genetic information can fit into a small space in a cells nucleus

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19
Q

What is a DNA nucleotide strand made up of

A

A phosphate group, the pentose sugar deoxyribose and a nitrogen containing organic base

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20
Q

What are the four possible bases in a DNA nucleotide

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

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21
Q

Two DNA polynucleotide strands join together by what bond

A

Hydrogen bond

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22
Q

What is the complementary base pairing in DNA for Adenine

A

Thymine

23
Q

What is the complementary base pairing for Guanine

A

Cytosine

24
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between Adenine and thymine

A

Two hydrogen bonds

25
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between cytosine and guanine

A

Three hydrogen bonds

26
Q

In DNA the two polynucleotide strands that form the helix are parallel or antiparallel

A

Antiparallel

27
Q

What sugar is in RNA nucleotides

A

ribose sugar

28
Q

What bases are there in RNA

A

Uracil, Adenine
Cytosine Guamine

29
Q

Instead of forming a double one polynucleotide strands in RNA form a

A

single strand

30
Q

Is RNA shorter or longer than most DNA polynucleotides

A

shorter

31
Q

When was DNA first observed

A

the 1800s

32
Q

When was it shown through experiments that DNA was the carrier of genetic code

A

1953

33
Q

When and which scientists discovered DNA had a double helix structure

A

1953 and James Watson, Francis Crick

34
Q

What does DNA do before cell division

A

Copies itself

35
Q

How does DNA replicate

A

through semi-conservative replication

36
Q

Why is DNA replication called semi-conservative

A

Because half the amount of the strands in each new DNA molecule are from the original DNA molecule

37
Q

What is genetic continuity

A

describes the fact that when a cell divides, the resulting two daughter cells have the same number and type of genes as the original cell. It also describes the fact that when two sexually reproducing organisms mate, the offspring have the same number of genes as the parent organisms.

38
Q

Why is it easy for DNA to copy itself

A

Because it has a paired base structure

39
Q

What enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases on the two polynucleotide strands

A

DNA helicse

40
Q

What does DNA helicase do

A

breaks the hydrogen bonds between bases making the helix unwind to form two single strands

41
Q

During DNA replication each original strand acts as

A

A template for a new strand

42
Q

What is attracted to complementary base pairing on each template strand during DNA replication

A

Free floating nucleotides

43
Q

What reaction joins the nucleotides of the new strand together during DNA replication

A

Condensation Reaction

44
Q

What is the role of DNA polymerase

A

to join the nucleotides via a condensation reaction

45
Q

What bond forms between the new strand and the template strand in DNA replication

A

Hydrogen bonds

46
Q

What is either end of a DNA strand called

A

the 3’ (three prime) and 5’(five prime)

47
Q

During DNA replication the active site of DNA polymerase is only complementary to

A

3’(three prime) end of a newly forming DNA strand

48
Q

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to what end of the DNA strand during DNA replication

A

the 3’ (three prime) end

49
Q

What direction is a new DNA strand made in

A

5’(five prime) to 3’(three prime)

50
Q

What direction does DNA polymerase move down the template strand during DNA replication

A

3’ (three prime) to 5’(five prime)

51
Q

Because DNA is antiparallel the DNA polymerase working on one of the template strand moves in what direction to the DNA polymerase working on the other template strand

A

the opposite direction

52
Q

Who came up with the idea for semi-conservative replication

A

Watson and Crick

53
Q

Who validated the theory of semi-conservative replication

A

Meselson and Stahl

54
Q

If DNA was replicated conservatively the original DNA strands would

A

Stay together and the new molecules would contain two new strands

Biology (13 decks)

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