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DNA and Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

DNA (structure)

A 
Deoxyribonucleic acid
macromolecule
nucleotide subunits
Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen base
double helix
complementary base pairing
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2
Q

sugar phosphate backbone

A

over all negative charge

phosphodiester bonds

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3
Q

non coding stand

A

there for structural integrity

antiparallel stand

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4
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

occurs during interphase

  • Double helix fully unzips
  • DNA Polymerase reads 5 to 3 direction and attaches complementary nucleotides
    DNA rezips, each molecule containing one daughter stand.

genetically identical

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5
Q

Prokaryotic chromosomes

A 
Circular DNA
No histone proteins
One chromosome
No introns
Attaches to cell membrane during division
Found in cytosol
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6
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes

A 
Linear DNA
Histone Proteins
Multiple chromosomes
Contains introns
Attaches to spindle fibers during division
Found in nucleus
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7
Q

Genes

A

A gene consists of a unique nucleotide sequence that codes for a protein. thousand of genes in each chromosome. Genome (number of genes of an organism)
Human genome project (mapping)

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8
Q

Exons

A

Coding part of DNA.

removed from mRNA after transcription and exit through nuclear pores

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9
Q

Introns

A 
Non protein coding part of DNA
involved in translation
Code for:
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer  RNA (tRNA)
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10
Q

Protein synthesis simple

A

DNA transcribes to mRNA translates to amino acids using tRNA and rRNA

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11
Q

tRNA

A

Essential to translation
Made of introns
clover structure, intramolecular base paring bonds
Function: connecting correct amino acid to polypeptide change using anticodon.

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12
Q

Mutations - define

A

a change in DNA including duplication or deletion of genetic material

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13
Q

Types of mutations

A 
Silent - codon for same animo acid
Miscence - different animo acid
Nonsense - early stop, truncated
Base insertion - changes 4 3 sequence
Base deletion - 2 3
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13
Q

Types of mutations

A

Silent - codon for same animo acid
Miscence - different animo acid
Nonsense - early stop, truncated
Base insertion - changes 3 3 sequence

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14
Q

stem cells

A

origin of all cells

differentiated into specialized cells

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15
Q

Mutation origin

A
  • errors in replication
  • errors in cell division
  • ionising radiation
  • mutagenic chemicals
  • increased temperature
  • viruses
16
Q

differentiation

A

switching genes on and off

all cells still contain all genetic information

Biology (2 decks)

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