DNA and Protein Synthesis Vocab pt.2

Question 1

Central Dogma

Answer 1

DNA (transcription) –> RNA (translation) –> protein

Question 2

mRNA (messenger)

Answer 2

copies instructions in DNA and carries there to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Question 3

rRNA (ribosomal)

Answer 3

• makes up ribosomes (along with proteins)

- helps catalyze formation of peptide bonds

Question 4

tRNA (transfer)

Answer 4

binds and carries certain amino acids to the ribosome

Question 5

Transcription

Answer 5

• takes place in the nucleus

- when DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA

Question 6

Translation

Answer 6

• takes place in ribosomes

- instructions carried on mRNA is read to make a polypeptide

Question 7

Polypeptide

Answer 7

• chain of amino acids

- bind to others + fold into protein

Question 8

Start Codon

Answer 8

• AUG (Met)

- first codon in transcribed mRNA that goes through translation

Question 9

Stop codon

Answer 9

• UAG, UAA, UGA

- signals end of making of polypeptide during translation

Question 10

Introns

Answer 10

non-coding regions

Question 11

Exons

Answer 11

coding regions

Question 12

Transcription Factors

Answer 12

regulatory proteins which control the activity of the gene

Question 13

Mutation

Answer 13

a change in the DNA sequence

Question 14

Frameshift mutation

Answer 14

• type of mutation involving insertion/deletion of nucleotide
  - number of deleted base pairs is not divisible by 3

Question 15

Insertion (mutation)

Answer 15

type of mutation which additionally involves genetic material

Question 16

Deletion (mutation)

Answer 16

a mutation that involves loss of genetic material

Question 17

Point mutation (Substitution)

Answer 17

mutation which affects one/few nucleotides in gene sequence