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BIO 12 U3 > dna and protein synthesis notes > Flashcards

dna and protein synthesis notes Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 major functions of DNA?

A

controls cellular activities, DNA replication, and DNA mutations

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2
Q

DNA carries a ____

A

code

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3
Q

DNA controls ____

A

cellular activities

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4
Q

what are encoded wishing the DNA?

A

genetic instructions (the code)

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5
Q

what is DNA replication?

A

when DNA makes exact copies of itself, made to be passed onto other cells

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6
Q

explain how DNA mutation has changed species that live on earth?

A

different combinations of DNA sequences due to mutations and sexual reproduction explain the existence of all different species on earth

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7
Q

DNA is the source _____

A

of the unity of life

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8
Q

what did life most likely begin as?

A

a nucleic acid

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9
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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10
Q

the first form of life on earth is thought to be a self-replicating strand of what?

A

RNA

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11
Q

who discovered the first x-ray data for the DNA structure?

A

franklin in 1951

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12
Q

who discovered that DNA has a double helix?

A

james watson and francis crick (bad people)

1953

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13
Q

DNA and RNA are polymers of what?

A

nucleotides

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14
Q

what is a nucleotide composed of?

A
  1. a pentose (5 carbon) sugar (deoxyribose/ribose)
  2. a phosphate group
  3. a nitrogenous base
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15
Q

what are the two types of bases?

A

purines and pyrimidines

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16
Q

which base has a double nitrogen ring structure?

A

purines

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17
Q

which base has a single nitrogen ring structure?

A

pyrimidines

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18
Q

what are the two nucleotide bases of purines?

A

adenine and guanine

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19
Q

what are the three nucleotide bases of pyrimidines?

A

thymine, cytosine, uracil (RNA ONLY)

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20
Q

DNA is a _____ helix

A

double

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21
Q

what is linked together to form the double helix of DNA?

A

a sequence of nucleotides linked together

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22
Q

what are the strands of DNA composed of?

A

alternating molecules of deoxyribose and phosphate

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23
Q

what is attached to each deoxyribose unit in DNA?

A

a nitrogenous base

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24
Q

what can the double helix be described as?

A

a twisted ladder

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25
Q

what connects the two nucleotides to form the helix of DNA?

A

hydrogen bonds

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26
Q

what are the bases in DNA attached to?

A

the sugar molecules ( P and S )

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27
Q

what are the 4 bases in DNA?

A

adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C)

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28
Q

what pyrimidine (letter) connects to the purine adenine (A)?

A

thymine (T)

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29
Q

what pyrimidine (letter) connects to the purine guanine (G)?

A

cytosine (C)

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30
Q

how many hydrogen bonds do adenine and thymine have in DNA?

A

2 H-bonds

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31
Q

how many hydrogen bonds do guanine and cytosine have in DNA?

A

3 H-bonds

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32
Q

what is chargaffs rule?

A

the number of purine bases equals the number of pyrimidine bases

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33
Q

T or F: the bases can be paired with any of the other bases in DNA

A

FALSE:

the bases may only be paired as A-T or T-A, G-C or C-G

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34
Q

T or F: the bases have to be in a certain order every time within the DNA

A

FALSE:

order does not matter, as long as they are paired correctly.

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35
Q

roughly how many pairs of bases are in the human body?

A

3 billion; about one meter in every human

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36
Q

where are the genes located in the cell?

A

on the chromosomes within the nucleus

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37
Q

roughly how many base-pairs are in a gene?

A

about 1000 DNA base-pairs

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38
Q

genes always occur in ____

A

pairs

39
Q

how are a persons genes determined?

A

half come from the mother and half from the father

40
Q

how do genes control cellular chemical reactions?

A

by directing the formation of enzymes

41
Q

what do genes occur in?

A

pairs

42
Q

how many DNA base-pairs do genes consist of?

A

about 1000

43
Q

where are genes located?

A

on the chromosomes of the cell nucleus, and in segments of DNA molecules

44
Q

what do chromosomes contain?

A

genes

45
Q

what are the chromosomes held together by?

A

the protein histones

46
Q

what must happen to the DNA before a cell can be divided?

A

the DNA must be duplicated

47
Q

what is the duplication process of DNA called?

A

replication

48
Q

how many DNA molecules are produced after replication?

A

two

49
Q

DNA can be viewed as a _____ which can produce a _______ copy of itself

A

template, reverse image

50
Q

what does the replicated strand have in common with the “template” strand?

A

it has a sequence of bases exactly complementary to the template strand

51
Q

what two things does each new strand of DNA that is produced contain?

A

one “old” strand and one new strand

52
Q

when a new strand of DNA has one old strand, and one new strand, what is that called?

A

semi-conserving replication

53
Q

what must occur prior to cells dividing and why?

A

semi-conservative replication; to ensure that the daughter cells receive the same genetic material as the parent cell

54
Q

what are the 4 steps to DNA replication

A
  1. unzipping 2. pairing 3. h-bonds form 4. sugar-phosphate bonds form between adjacent nucleotides
55
Q

what happens in the unzipping process of DNA replication?

A

enzyme helicase help break h-bonds between 2 strands, double helix unwinds and separate

56
Q

what happens in the pairing stage of DNA replication?

A

new nucleotides move in to complementary pair up with bases of each template strand

57
Q

what helps form h-bonds between two new strands of DNA?

A

the enzyme polymerase

58
Q

what happens in the last step of DNA replication?

A

sugar-phosphate bonds form between adjacent nucleotides, then winds into a double helix

59
Q

what is RNA necessary for?

A

protein synthesis

60
Q

RNA the genetic material of some ____

A

viruses

61
Q

what do all RNA and DNA molecules consist of?

A

nucleotides

62
Q

DNA and RNA have similar what?

A

chemical organization

63
Q

how many subunits does RNA consist of?

A

3

64
Q

what are the 3 sub-units of RNA

A
  1. 5-carbon sugar called ribose
  2. a phosphate group
  3. one of several different nitrogenous based
65
Q

which base is different in RNA than DNA?

A

U instead of T (uracil instead of thymine)

66
Q

is RNA single stranded or double stranded?

A

single

67
Q

what are the 3 types of RNA?

A
  1. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  2. messenger RNA (mRNA)
  3. transfer RNA (tRNA)
68
Q

what is the most numerous type of RNA

A

rRNA, 85-90%

69
Q

what is rRNA made by and where?

A

by the nucleolus in the nucleus; migrated to cytoplasm through the pores of the nuclear envelope

70
Q

what protein does 2 rRNA subunits form?

A

ribosomes

71
Q

what is the function of rRNA?

A

aids in protein synthesis by ready the mRNA codon

72
Q

what percent does mRNA constitute in the cell?

A

5%-10%

73
Q

roughly how many nucleotides long are mRNA?

A

900-1500

74
Q

how is mRNA made? what is the process called?

A

made by copying sections of the DNA template strand by a process called transcription

75
Q

what % does tRNA make up in a cell?

A

about 5%

76
Q

how many nucleotides long is tRNA?

A

about 80 nucleotides long

77
Q

what is tRNA able to recognize using it’s what?

A

able to recognize a very specific amino acid using its anti-codon

78
Q

what is tRNA’s function?

A

carries the amino acid from the cytoplasm to a ribosome for protein synthesis

79
Q

what are the 2 major processes that occur for proteins to be made?

A

transcription and translation

80
Q

what are the 5 steps for proteins to be made?

A

DNA-transcription-mRna-translation-protein

81
Q

what is the first step in transcription?

A

the hydrogen bonds break in the DNA, and double helix unzips; to expose the bases

82
Q

in RNA, what does adenine bind to?

A

Uracil (U)

83
Q

what is brought in on the one side of DNA during transcription

A

complementary RNA bases are brought in

84
Q

what forms between sugar-phosphate in the transcription process

A

adjacent RNA nucleotides for covalent bonds

85
Q

what is released from the DNA during the transcription process?

A

the RNA strand

86
Q

what happens after the RNA is released from DNA during the transcription process?

A

the DNA molecule rewinds and returns to normal double helix form

87
Q

what is the enzyme involved in transcription known as?

A

RNA polymerase

88
Q

where does transcription occur in the cell?

A

the nucleus; the nucleoli to be exact

89
Q

what is the summery of translation?

A

translating the codons on mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to for a primary polypeptide structure

90
Q

what is the 3 letter “unit” of mRNA

A

a codon

91
Q

how many codons are there in total?

A

64 in total, 61 codes for specific amino acids

92
Q

what are the three letters of a codon used for?

A

for one amino acid

93
Q

what is an anticodon?

A

base sequence that is complementary to the codon

94
Q

where is anticodon found?

A

on tRNA

BIO 12 U3 (1 decks)

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