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Biology Year 12 > DNA and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
Located in nucleus
Made of nucleotides

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2
Q

Nucleotide

A

Composed of phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous base

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3
Q

Relationship between DNA, genes and chromosomes

A

Both chromosomes and genes are made of DNA
A gene is a section of DNA which codes for a particular characteristic
Chromosomes are tightly wound DNA which only appear in the nucleus at the start of cell division.

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4
Q

DNA Replication (steps)

A
  1. DNA is unzipped by an enzyme called helicase
  2. The nucleotides of template are exposed
  3. Primers (short segments of DNA) are needed to start the process. (Produced by enzyme= RNA primase) (DNA polymerase then add bases to template strand)
  4. Ligase joins DNA strands together (DNA is re zipped) two identical DNA molecules are produced
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5
Q

Neucleic Acids

A 
DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA= ribonucleic acid
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6
Q

Transcription

A

Occurs in nucleus
DNA unzips at the region to be copied
RNA polymerase attaches to DNA at promoter
Free nucleotides create mRNA
Uracil attaches to adenine
Transcription stops and RNA polymerase detaches from DNA releasing mRNA

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7
Q

Introns

A

Are non coding segment of DNA in eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

Exons

A

Coding segments of DNA that are involved in gene expression

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9
Q

Translation

A

mrna moves into the cytoplasm
mRNA binds with a ribosome
Begins at a start codon
tRNA contains an anti codon
tRNA anticodon binds with mRNA codon releasing amino acid
Polypeptide chain continues to grow until stop codon is reached
Polypeptide forms a protein, travels to endoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

Eukaryote

A 
Nucleoid region 
No membrane bound organelles 
Plasmids
Flagellum 
No histone
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11
Q

Prokaryote

A

Membrane bound organelles
Nucleus
Histones

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12
Q

Mitosis (interphase)

A

DNA is replicating, chromosomes are not visible

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13
Q

Mitosis (prophase)

A

Chromosomes become visible, nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear. Chromosomes appear as 2 chromatids joined by centromere. Crossing over occurs

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14
Q

Mitosis (metaphase)

A

Chromatids line up along the equator, spindle fibres appear and attach to centromere.

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15
Q

Mitosis (anaphase)

A

Centromere divides and the pair of chromatids seperate. Each pulled to opposite poles as spindle fibres shorten

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16
Q

Mitosis (telophase)

A

Cytokensis occurs

2 identical daughters cells produced

17
Q

Meiosis (interphase)

A

Chromosomes replicate forming sister chromatids joined at centromere. Centrosome replicates forming two centrosomes

18
Q

Meiosis (prophase 1)

A

Chromosomes condense. Diploid number of chromosomes appear as long thin threads, they shorten and thicken. Crossing over occurs, nuclear membrane disappears. Spindle forms

19
Q

Meiosis (metaphase 1)

A

Pairs of chromatids line at the equator. Random assortment

20
Q

Meiosis (anaphase 1)

A

Chromosomes move towards the poles pulled by spindle fibres. Sister chromatids stay attached at centromere and move as one unit

21
Q

Meiosis (telophase 1)

A

Spindle disappears
Cytokinesis occurs
Two haploid cells form

22
Q

Meiosis (prophase 2)

A

Spindle apparatus forms, crossing over may cause sister chromatids to not be genetically identical.

23
Q

Meiosis (metaphase 2)

A

Sister chromatids line up at equator and attach to spindle fibres

24
Q

Meiosis (anaphase 2)

A

Centromeres seperate and sister chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite poles.

25
Q

Meiosis (telophase 2)

A

Chromosomes reach poles and spindle disappears. Nuclei form, chromosomes begin condensing, nuclear membrane reappears, nucleolus becomes visible and cytokinesis occurs. Four daughter cells form

26
Q

Gene expression

A

Is the production of proteins

27
Q

Environmental factors

A 
Climate 
Toxins 
Altitude 
Disease 
Soil pH
Food availability 
Light availability 
Temperature
28
Q

Himalayan Rabbits

A

Pigment gene influenced by temperature
Gene active when 15-25 Degrees celsius
Fur turns black in colder temp
30+ degrees no pigmentation

29
Q

Point Mutation

A

Occurs when a single nitrogenous base is changed

30
Q

Insertion or Deletion

A

Addition or deletion of a single base

Can have dramatic affects as they cause a frameshift

31
Q

Substitution

A

When a single base is swapped with a different one

32
Q

Silent substitution

A

The single change results in the same amino acid being produced

33
Q

Non sense substitution

A

Results in a stop codon

34
Q

Mis sense substitution

A

The substitution results in a different amino acid

35
Q

Chromosomal mutation

A

Results from 2 or more breaks in the DNA helix and rearrangement of segments

36
Q

Deletions

A

Usually fatal
Occurs when a strand is broken in two places and the segment is lost
Results in a shorter chromosome

37
Q

Inversion

A

Cause of disorders

Chromosome breaks in 2 places and the segment rotates 180 degrees before rejoining

38
Q

Translocation

A

Often results in cancer

Occurs when a segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

39
Q

Duplications

A 
Usually harmful (can result in beneficial traits)
An extra copy of a section of a chromosome is made and then inserted into another region on the same chromosome or another chromosome.

Biology Year 12 (3 decks)

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