DNA and Protein Synthesis

Question 1

Who were the two scientists that were credited with the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA?

Answer 1

James Watson and Frances Crick were given the credit of the discovery. They were given the novel prize.

Question 2

Who was the first to isolate nuclear material and name it? Hint: he named it nucleus acid

Answer 2

Fredrick Miesher

Question 3

Who were the 3 scientists who later identified this material (nucleic acid) as DNA?

Answer 3

Oswald Avery (Halifax), Colin MacLeoud, and Maclyn McCarty

Question 4

The amount of pyrimidine and purine bases should be of what ratio?

Answer 4

1:1

Question 5

Which two scientists proved that DNA transmits genetic information? Hint: they used bacteria to do this

Answer 5

Al Hershey and Martha Chase used viruses to prove that DNA transmitted genetic information

Question 6

Who is the female scientist who is responsible for photo 51, and even greater the discovery made by Watson and crick? Hint: she died before she could win the nobel prize.

Answer 6

Rosalind Franklin

Question 7

Who gave Rosalind Franklin’s famous photo 51 to Watson and Crick?

Answer 7

Her lab partner, Maurice Wilkins

Question 8

What are the four nitrogen bases and which of each other do they bond to?

Answer 8

The four nitrogen bases are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Adenine bonds with thymine while cytosine bonds with guanine
A - T
C - G

Question 9

Which two of the nitrogen bases only have single ring structures? (easier to break apart)

Answer 9

Cytosine and Thymine are pyrimidines. They have single ring structures and 2 hydrogen bonds. They are easier to break apart.

Question 10

Which two of the nitrogen bases have double ring structures?

Answer 10

Cytosine and Guanine have double ring structures and 3 hydrogen bonds. They are more difficult to break apart. They are called purines.

Question 11

What are the backbones of DNA?

Answer 11

A Deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group are the backbones of DNA

Question 12

What is at the 5’ end of DNA?

Answer 12

The phosphate group is at the 5’ end

Question 13

What is at the 3’ end of DNA?

Answer 13

The hydroxyl group is at the 3’ end of DNA

Question 14

What makes up the nucleotide?

Answer 14

Nucleotides are made up of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C or G)

Question 15

What kind of sugar is found in DNA? What about RNA?

Answer 15

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar while RNA contains ribose sugar

Question 16

What does semi conservative mean when referring to DNA replication?

Answer 16

The new DNA will be made up of one newly synthesized strand and one parent strand

Question 17

DNA replicates in what direction?

Answer 17

5’ to 3’

Question 18

When replication is finished, what are the two new strands called?

Answer 18

Daughter Strands

Question 19

What initiates transcription?

Answer 19

The promoter region - also known as the TATA box.

Question 20

What is the P-site and where is it found?

Answer 20

Peptide site, found inside the ribosomes

Question 21

What is the A-site and where is it found?

Answer 21

Acceptor site, found in the ribosomes

Question 22

When will a ribosome start building a protein?

Answer 22

When it reads the start codon,,, AUG

Question 23

When does protein synthesis end?

Answer 23

When the ribosomes read a stop codon- UAG, UGA, UAA

Question 24

This type of RNA delivers the amino acids to the ribosome

Answer 24

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Question 25

This type of RNA is a structural component of the ribosomes

Answer 25

rRNA

Question 26

This type of mutation has little affect and typically goes unnoticed

Answer 26

Silent Mutation

Question 27

Mutations that are caused by an error of the genetic machinery

Answer 27

Spontaneous Mutations

Question 28

Mutations that are caused by chemical agents or radiations

Answer 28

Induced mutations

Question 29

Where is the anticodon located?

Answer 29

in the tRNA

Question 30

These mutations occur at specific points in the genome

Answer 30

Point or "Gene" mutations

Question 31

Two terms for a sequence of 3 nucleotides that forms a code

Answer 31

A codon, and a triplet

Question 32

Process in which the mRNA is read to determine the protein structure?

Answer 32

Translation

Question 33

This enzyme controls the replication of DNA

Answer 33

DNA polymerase lll

Question 34

These remove the non-coding regions from the mRNA

Answer 34

Spliceosomes

Question 35

This enzyme unravels DNA during replication

Answer 35

DNA Helicase

Question 36

Short fragments of DNA built along the lagging strand

Answer 36

Okazaki Fragments

Question 37

These enzymes double check for mistakes during replication

Answer 37

DNA polymerase ll and lll

Question 38

Strand of DNA built toward the replication fork

Answer 38

Leading strand

Question 39

Strand of DNA built away from the replication fork

Answer 39

Lagging strand

Question 40

Enzyme that cuts the DNA strand to relieve tension

Answer 40

DNA gyrase

Question 41

Protein synthesis takes place in which organelle?

Answer 41

Ribosomes

Question 42

Coding regions are known as?

Answer 42

Extrons

Question 43

Non-coding regions are known as?

Answer 43

Introns

Question 44

What year was the first DNA model published?

Answer 44

1953

Question 45

Who lead scientists astray in terms of DNA holding the genetic code?

Answer 45

PA Levine had the public believe his ideologies about DNA but they were not correct

Question 46

What does chargaff's rule imply?

Answer 46

The amount of A=T and C=G will always be the same

Question 47

These two scientists used bread mold to show neurospora crassa to show that a gene can be mutated. They came up with the one gene one enzyme hypothesis

Answer 47

Beadle and Tatum

Question 48

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

Answer 48

1. DNA has deoxyribose Sugar while RNA has ribose 2. DNA is longer than RNA 3. DNA contains thymine, RNA contains uracil 4. One type of DNA, 3 types of RNA 5. DNA can't leave the nucleus RNA can 6. RNA is a single strand DNA is double helical 7. DNA is the only organic molecule that can self replicate, RNA needs the DNA template o replicate

Question 49

Where does translation start? End?

Answer 49

Translation starts at the start codon and ends at the stop codon

Question 50

Transcription starts and ends where

Answer 50

Transcription starts in the nucleus and ends outside the nucleus

Question 51

Where is the phosphate group located on the nucleotide diagram?

Answer 51

On the left

Question 52

Where is adenine (nitrogen base) located on the nucleotide diagram?

Answer 52

Above

Question 53

Where is the deoxyribose sugar located on the nucleotide diagram?

Answer 53

on the bottom

Question 54

What is the one gene on enzyme idea

Answer 54

That each gene encodes a single enzyme. This is close but not exactly correct today. Beadle and Tatum are responsible for this idea

Question 55

Where does DNA replication occur

Answer 55

Nucleus

Question 56

Where does RNA transcription occur?

Answer 56

produced in nucleus moves to cytoplasm

Question 57

What controls all the cell activities?

Answer 57

DNA

Question 58

Protein synthesis begins when the DNA does what?

Answer 58

Unzips

Question 59

The opposite strand of DNA from the original contains uracil, not thymine. True or False?

Answer 59

False- the complementary strand of DNA from the original just switches the bases to their opposite. Thymine and uracil do not switch until mRNA

Question 60

change ATG GAU into mRNA

Answer 60

AUG GAU

Question 61

Do mutations always affect the final protein?

Answer 61

No- substitution mutations often do not and so do silent mutations

Question 62

In order to code for our amino acid, which version of the code gets used. DNA, mRNA, or tRNA?

Answer 62

mRNA is used to code for amino acids

Question 63

Which RNA acts as a blueprint for the construction of a protein?

Answer 63

mRNA (messenger RNA) think of it like the message of what to build

Question 64

Which RNA is the "construction site" where the protein is made?

Answer 64

rRNA

Question 65

which rna is the "delivery truck" delivering the amino acids to the site?

Answer 65

tRNA

Question 66

Why is the name transcription fitting?

Answer 66

Because the message of the DNA gets transcribed into mRNA, which can now exit the nucleus which DNA cannot do

Question 67

How many possible nucleotide triplets are there?

Answer 67

4x4x4 = 64

Question 68

Can a single nucleotide base contain a code?

Answer 68

No

Question 69

DNA contains ____ and RNA contains ______

Answer 69

DNA contains thymine and RNA contains Uracil

Question 70

What is shorter, DNA or RNA?

Answer 70

RNA is much shorter

Question 71

Can RNA self replicate?

Answer 71

No- RNA requires a DNA template to be made

Question 72

The one strand of DNA that is transcribed is called?

Answer 72

The template strand

Question 73

After the tRNA delivers the amino acid it moves where?

Answer 73

To the cytoplasm

Question 74

When the protein is released at the end of protein synthesis- where does it go?

Answer 74

Into the cytoplasm to be used

Question 75

Elongation is

Answer 75

The elongation of the peptide chain during protein synthesis

Question 76

Termination is

Answer 76

The stop codon is read and protein synthesis stops

Question 77

Initiation

Answer 77

The start codon AUG is read and protein synthesis begins