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Bio 12 > DNA and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Who were the two scientists that were credited with the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA?

A

James Watson and Frances Crick were given the credit of the discovery. They were given the novel prize.

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2
Q

Who was the first to isolate nuclear material and name it? Hint: he named it nucleus acid

A

Fredrick Miesher

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3
Q

Who were the 3 scientists who later identified this material (nucleic acid) as DNA?

A

Oswald Avery (Halifax), Colin MacLeoud, and Maclyn McCarty

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4
Q

The amount of pyrimidine and purine bases should be of what ratio?

A

1:1

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5
Q

Which two scientists proved that DNA transmits genetic information? Hint: they used bacteria to do this

A

Al Hershey and Martha Chase used viruses to prove that DNA transmitted genetic information

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6
Q

Who is the female scientist who is responsible for photo 51, and even greater the discovery made by Watson and crick? Hint: she died before she could win the nobel prize.

A

Rosalind Franklin

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7
Q

Who gave Rosalind Franklin’s famous photo 51 to Watson and Crick?

A

Her lab partner, Maurice Wilkins

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8
Q

What are the four nitrogen bases and which of each other do they bond to?

A

The four nitrogen bases are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Adenine bonds with thymine while cytosine bonds with guanine
A - T
C - G

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9
Q

Which two of the nitrogen bases only have single ring structures? (easier to break apart)

A

Cytosine and Thymine are pyrimidines. They have single ring structures and 2 hydrogen bonds. They are easier to break apart.

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10
Q

Which two of the nitrogen bases have double ring structures?

A

Cytosine and Guanine have double ring structures and 3 hydrogen bonds. They are more difficult to break apart. They are called purines.

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11
Q

What are the backbones of DNA?

A

A Deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group are the backbones of DNA

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12
Q

What is at the 5’ end of DNA?

A

The phosphate group is at the 5’ end

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13
Q

What is at the 3’ end of DNA?

A

The hydroxyl group is at the 3’ end of DNA

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14
Q

What makes up the nucleotide?

A

Nucleotides are made up of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C or G)

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15
Q

What kind of sugar is found in DNA? What about RNA?

A

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar while RNA contains ribose sugar

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16
Q

What does semi conservative mean when referring to DNA replication?

A

The new DNA will be made up of one newly synthesized strand and one parent strand

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17
Q

DNA replicates in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’

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18
Q

When replication is finished, what are the two new strands called?

A

Daughter Strands

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19
Q

What initiates transcription?

A

The promoter region - also known as the TATA box.

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20
Q

What is the P-site and where is it found?

A

Peptide site, found inside the ribosomes

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21
Q

What is the A-site and where is it found?

A

Acceptor site, found in the ribosomes

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22
Q

When will a ribosome start building a protein?

A

When it reads the start codon,,, AUG

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23
Q

When does protein synthesis end?

A

When the ribosomes read a stop codon- UAG, UGA, UAA

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24
Q

This type of RNA delivers the amino acids to the ribosome

A

tRNA (transfer RNA)

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25
Q

This type of RNA is a structural component of the ribosomes

A

rRNA

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26
Q

This type of mutation has little affect and typically goes unnoticed

A

Silent Mutation

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27
Q

Mutations that are caused by an error of the genetic machinery

A

Spontaneous Mutations

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28
Q

Mutations that are caused by chemical agents or radiations

A

Induced mutations

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29
Q

Where is the anticodon located?

A

in the tRNA

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30
Q

These mutations occur at specific points in the genome

A

Point or “Gene” mutations

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31
Q

Two terms for a sequence of 3 nucleotides that forms a code

A

A codon, and a triplet

32
Q

Process in which the mRNA is read to determine the protein structure?

A

Translation

33
Q

This enzyme controls the replication of DNA

A

DNA polymerase lll

34
Q

These remove the non-coding regions from the mRNA

A

Spliceosomes

35
Q

This enzyme unravels DNA during replication

A

DNA Helicase

36
Q

Short fragments of DNA built along the lagging strand

A

Okazaki Fragments

37
Q

These enzymes double check for mistakes during replication

A

DNA polymerase ll and lll

38
Q

Strand of DNA built toward the replication fork

A

Leading strand

39
Q

Strand of DNA built away from the replication fork

A

Lagging strand

40
Q

Enzyme that cuts the DNA strand to relieve tension

A

DNA gyrase

41
Q

Protein synthesis takes place in which organelle?

A

Ribosomes

42
Q

Coding regions are known as?

A

Extrons

43
Q

Non-coding regions are known as?

A

Introns

44
Q

What year was the first DNA model published?

A

1953

45
Q

Who lead scientists astray in terms of DNA holding the genetic code?

A

PA Levine had the public believe his ideologies about DNA but they were not correct

46
Q

What does chargaff’s rule imply?

A

The amount of A=T and C=G will always be the same

47
Q

These two scientists used bread mold to show neurospora crassa to show that a gene can be mutated. They came up with the one gene one enzyme hypothesis

A

Beadle and Tatum

48
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

A
  1. DNA has deoxyribose Sugar while RNA has ribose
  2. DNA is longer than RNA
  3. DNA contains thymine, RNA contains uracil
  4. One type of DNA, 3 types of RNA
  5. DNA can’t leave the nucleus RNA can
  6. RNA is a single strand DNA is double helical
  7. DNA is the only organic molecule that can self replicate, RNA needs the DNA template o replicate
49
Q

Where does translation start? End?

A

Translation starts at the start codon and ends at the stop codon

50
Q

Transcription starts and ends where

A

Transcription starts in the nucleus and ends outside the nucleus

51
Q

Where is the phosphate group located on the nucleotide diagram?

A

On the left

52
Q

Where is adenine (nitrogen base) located on the nucleotide diagram?

A

Above

53
Q

Where is the deoxyribose sugar located on the nucleotide diagram?

A

on the bottom

54
Q

What is the one gene on enzyme idea

A

That each gene encodes a single enzyme. This is close but not exactly correct today. Beadle and Tatum are responsible for this idea

55
Q

Where does DNA replication occur

A

Nucleus

56
Q

Where does RNA transcription occur?

A

produced in nucleus moves to cytoplasm

57
Q

What controls all the cell activities?

A

DNA

58
Q

Protein synthesis begins when the DNA does what?

A

Unzips

59
Q

The opposite strand of DNA from the original contains uracil, not thymine. True or False?

A

False- the complementary strand of DNA from the original just switches the bases to their opposite. Thymine and uracil do not switch until mRNA

60
Q

change ATG GAU into mRNA

A

AUG GAU

61
Q

Do mutations always affect the final protein?

A

No- substitution mutations often do not and so do silent mutations

62
Q

In order to code for our amino acid, which version of the code gets used. DNA, mRNA, or tRNA?

A

mRNA is used to code for amino acids

63
Q

Which RNA acts as a blueprint for the construction of a protein?

A

mRNA (messenger RNA) think of it like the message of what to build

64
Q

Which RNA is the “construction site” where the protein is made?

A

rRNA

65
Q

which rna is the “delivery truck” delivering the amino acids to the site?

A

tRNA

66
Q

Why is the name transcription fitting?

A

Because the message of the DNA gets transcribed into mRNA, which can now exit the nucleus which DNA cannot do

67
Q

How many possible nucleotide triplets are there?

A

4x4x4 = 64

68
Q

Can a single nucleotide base contain a code?

A

No

69
Q

DNA contains ____ and RNA contains ______

A

DNA contains thymine and RNA contains Uracil

70
Q

What is shorter, DNA or RNA?

A

RNA is much shorter

71
Q

Can RNA self replicate?

A

No- RNA requires a DNA template to be made

72
Q

The one strand of DNA that is transcribed is called?

A

The template strand

73
Q

After the tRNA delivers the amino acid it moves where?

A

To the cytoplasm

74
Q

When the protein is released at the end of protein synthesis- where does it go?

A

Into the cytoplasm to be used

75
Q

Elongation is

A

The elongation of the peptide chain during protein synthesis

76
Q

Termination is

A

The stop codon is read and protein synthesis stops

77
Q

Initiation

A

The start codon AUG is read and protein synthesis begins

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