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Higher Human Biology > DNA and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 complementary bases?

A

Guanine - Cytosine

Thymine - Adenine

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2
Q

What holds complementary base pairs together?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds

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3
Q

How many hydrogen bonds hold Guanine and Cytosine together?

A

3

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4
Q

How many hydrogen bonds hold Thymine and Adenine together?

A

2

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5
Q

What holds nucleotides together?

A

Strong chemical bonds

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6
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

DNA is a double stranded helix with a sugar-phosphate backbone. The strands run anti-parallel to each other and is arranged so that it tightly coils into a chromosome

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7
Q

Explain stage 1 of DNA replication

A

Double helix unwinds using the enzyme helicase

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8
Q

Explain stage 2 of DNA replication

A

Weak hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs break and cause the two DNA strands to unzip

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9
Q

Explain stage 3 of DNA replication

A

Free DNA nucleotides from the nucleoplasm enter join their complimentary base pair on the open strand using DNA polymerase

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10
Q

Explain stage 4 of DNA replication

A

Weak hydrogen bonds begin to reform between base pairs

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11
Q

Explain stage 5 of DNA replication

A

Strong chemical bonds form between nucleotides controlled by the enzyme polymerase

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12
Q

Explain stage 6 of DNA replication

A

The 2 strands begin to form back into a double helix. 2 newly formed daughter strands are created that are identical to the parent/original strand.

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13
Q

What is DNA Polymerase?

A

DNA Polymerase controls the sugar-phosphate bonding between nucleotides on the new DNA strand.

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14
Q

What type of replication is DNA replication known as?

A

Semi-conservative replication as one strand from the original DNA molecule is used in the twodaughter molecules

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15
Q

What is a DNA primer?

A

A DNA primer initiates DNA replication and is always on the third carbon of the original strand

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16
Q

What is the leading strand?

A

The leading strand is the strand of DNA that during DNA replication builds continuously in the correct direction towards the unzipping point.

17
Q

What is the lagging strand?

A

The lagging strand is the strand that during DNA replication builds discontinuously in the wrong direction away from the unzipping point.

18
Q

What is the lagging strand split up into?

A

Okazaki fragments

19
Q

What enzyme is used to join the okazaki fragments?

A

Ligase

20
Q

What is transcription?

A

The synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA

21
Q

What is stage 1 of transcription?

A

The DNA double helix unwinds

22
Q

What is stage 2 of transcription?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds break between the bases causing the DNA molecule to split into two different strands

23
Q

What is stage 3 of transcription?

A

Free mRNA nucleotides find their complimentary pair in the DNA strand

24
Q

What is stage 4 of transcription?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds are reformed between the new bases

25
Q

What is stage 5 of transcription?

A

Strong chemical bonds are formed between the new mRNA nucleotides opposite to DNA. This allows a new strand to be formed

26
Q

What is stage 6 of transcription?

A

Bonds between the DNA and mRNA bases break allowing the mRNA to leave the DNA template

27
Q

What is stage 7 of transcription?

A

The mRNA is now ready to exit the nucleus through a pore and enter the cytoplasm

28
Q

What is stage 8 of transcription?

A

The weak hydrogen bonds between the DNA bases reform and twist into a double helix

Higher Human Biology (1 decks)

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