DNA and Protein Synthesis

Question 1

Central Dogma

Answer 1

the process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product; DNA goes through transcription to get to RNA and then RNA goes through translation to make a protein

Question 2

mRNA

Answer 2

(messenger RNA) copies instructions in DNA and carries these to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Question 3

RRNA

Answer 3

(ribosomal RNA) along with proteins make up the ribosome; they also help catalyze the formation of peptide bonds!

Question 4

tRNA

Answer 4

(transfer RNA) binds and carries specific amino acids to the ribosome

Question 5

Transcription

Answer 5

DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA

Question 6

Translation

Answer 6

purpose is to read/follow the instrcutions carried on the mRNA to make a polypeptide; located in ribosomes; starts with mRNA and ends with polypeptide

Question 7

Polypeptide

Answer 7

a chain of amino acids; can bind to others and fold into a protein

Question 8

Transcription

Answer 8

purpose is to carry the cod/instructions out of the nucleus; located in the nucleus; starts with DNA and ends with mRNA

Question 9

Stop Codon

Answer 9

a trinucleotide sequence within a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule that signals a halt to protein synthesis

Question 10

Start codon

Answer 10

a genetic codon in messenger RNA that stimulates the binding of a transfer RNA which starts protein synthesis

Question 11

Introns

Answer 11

a portion of gene that does not code for amino acid

Question 12

Exons

Answer 12

the sequence o DNA present in mature messenger RNA, some of which encodes the amino acids of a protein

Question 13

Transcription Factors

Answer 13

proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA

Question 14

Mutation

Answer 14

occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene

Question 15

Frameshift mutation

Answer 15

a type of mutation involving the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in which the number of deleted base pairs is not divisible by three

Question 16

Insertion (mutation)

Answer 16

a type of mutation involving the addition of genetic material; an insertion mutation can be small, involving a single extra DNA base pair, or large, involving a piece of a chromosome

Question 17

Deletion (mutation)

Answer 17

a type of mutation involving the loss of genetic material; It can be small, involving a single missing DNA base pair, or large, involving a piece of a chromosome

Question 18

Point mutation (Substitution)

Answer 18

a genetic alteration caused by the substitution of a single nucleotide for another nucleotide