DNA AND PROTEIN PRODUCTION Flashcards
DNA stands for _____
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is the ______ to making proteins!
blueprint
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are made of _______
nucleotides
Nucleotides have:
At least one phosphate (ATP has three)
One sugar (DNA = deoxyribose, RNA = ribose)
One base (DNA = ATCG, RNA = AUCG)
DNA has four different bases what are they:
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
The sugars and phosphates link together by _______ to form the rail on the outside.
covalent bonds
The sugars are covalently bound to a______
base
The bases hydrogen bond together to keep the two strands together = _______
double helix
Base pairs are two ______, one on each complementary strand of a DNA molecule
nucleotides
Two strands bonded together by ______ between the bases = weak bonds
hydrogen bonds
Each strand of the double helix has nucleotides bonded together covalently by the _____ and _____
phosphate and the sugar
Adenine (A) pairs with ______
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) pairs with _____
Cytosine (C)
Before a cell divides, the parent cell needs to ______
make a copy of all the DNA
Each _______ receives a copy of the DNA
daughter cell
An enzyme, named _____, unwinds the DNA molecule and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs
helicase
Enzymes called _______ add new nucleotides to pair with the old DNA
DNA polymerases
Now there are two double strands of DNA:
One strand in each is the original ______
parental strand
Now there are two double strands of DNA
One strand in each is a new strand that was copied off of the _____
parental strand
semi-conservative replication is:
Each new DNA molecule contains one strand of the original DNA and one strand of new DNA
The incoming nucleotides have three phosphates, only ____ is used to bond to the sugar molecule
one
The energy needed to build the new DNA strand comes from taking the ______
other two phosphates off
The energy gained from breaking the bonds is used to _______
build the new bond
If the original DNA strand was: TCAT
then the complimentary strand would be _____
AGTA
What enzyme builds the complementary DNA strand? A. DNA polymerase B. RNA polymerase C. Helicase D. DNA Synthase
A. DNA polymerase
In DNA that bases are bound to which of the following?
A. phosphate
B. Sugar
B. Sugar
Before a cell can divide, it must _______
make a complete copy of the DNA
A point mutation is when :
just one base pair is paired incorrectly
GCCT paired with CGTA is an example of :
A mismatched pairing:
Mutagens are :
chemicals that damage the DNA and cause mutations in replication
Cigarette smoke, Sunlight, Many chemicals (benzene) are examples of:
Mutagens
A few things can happen if DNA mutates before the cell replicates, these are:
- Enzymes can repair the damage
- Or – The cell may commit suicide (apoptosis)
- Or – The cell may replicate and the mutation becomes permanent
Evolution occurs because:
there is variation in DNA, sometimes a mutation can produce changes that are good
How does DNA code for proteins?
Remember that DNA is stored in the nucleus, it is too valuable to leave the nucleus so it makes a copy of itself (RNA) which leaves the nucleus
and goes into the cytosol to make the protein.
A gene is the portion of the DNA that :
has the code for the production of a specific protein
In RNA there is no T (thymine) there is:
U
If the DNA sequence was ATCG then the complementary mRNA sequence would be: A. TAGC B. UAGC C. UACG D. ATCG
B. UAGC
mRNA is only a ____-
single strand
RNA has same “handrail” structure with the phosphates _______
covalently bound to the sugars
RNA sugar is slightly different from DNA’s sugar has an ___ vs ____
OH vs H
RNA has four bases:
RNA has Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Adenine (A) and Uracil (U)
Uracil is paired to ______
Adenine
RNA is _______ stranded, DNA is _____ stranded
single , double
Transcription: In the nucleus, _____ is used as a template to produce mRNA
DNA
Translation: At the ______, the amino acids are chained together to
form a polypeptide chain
ribosome
Synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) using ____ as a template
DNA
The product of transcription is _____
RNA
Transcription happens in the _____
nucleus
In transcription, ______ binds to a region on the DNA upstream from the gene called the promoter region.
RNA polymerase (similar to DNA polymerase)
In transcription, RNA polymerase (similar to DNA polymerase) binds to a region on the DNA upstream from the gene called the _____
promoter region
In transciption, RNA polymerase brings complementary ______ together and binds them together into a chain
RNA nucleotides
The nucleotide containing uracil is complementary to ____
adenine
In transcription, RNA polymerase links together the _____
RNA nucleotides
In transcription, When the RNA transcript is completed, it is _____
released from the DNA
At the end of transcription DNA ____
closes again
________ the process of reading mRNA to produce a polypeptide chain (protein), this happens at the ribosome.
Translation
A codon is :
A three-base sequence that translates into one amino acid
Translation uses ______ to identify and transport amino acids to the ribosome
transfer RNA (tRNA)
One side of tRNA attaches to an ____
amino acid
Anticodon definition
A three base sequence on the tRNA that is complementary to the codon of the mRNA
Ribosomes consist of _____ and ______
rRNA molecules and protein
It is the ribosome that forms the _____
peptide bond
_____ is the enzymatic portion of the ribosome
rRNA
mRNA contains:
Contains the plan to make proteins
_____ Brings the amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA
_____ Catalytic region of the ribosome, makes the peptide bond between the amino acids
rRNA
Where are ribosomes produced? A. Rough ER B. Smooth ER C. Nucleolus D. Golgi
C. Nucleolus
In step one of translation:
The mRNA leaves the _____ and enters the ______.
nucleus, cytosol
In step two of translation:
_____ binds to ribosome
mRNA
In Step 3 of translation:
The tRNA with the methionine (MET) amino acid attached, binds to the mRNA codon ____ at the ____
AUG, at the “P site”
In step 4 of translation:
tRNA with the next amino acid attached binds to the mRNA codon at the _____
“A site”
In step 5 of translation:
The bond between the ____ and _____ is broken
tRNA and MET amino acid
In step 6 of translation:
A _____ is formed between the MET amino acid
and the second amino acid.
peptide bond
In step 7 of translation:
The transfer RNAs and the mRNA all move over one space
on the ribosome = _______
translocation.
In step 8 of translation:
Now the “free tRNA”, which used to hold the MET amino acid,
is now in the ______
“E site”
In step 9 of translation:
The tRNA with two amino acids is in the _____ and the “A site” is open
“P site”
In step 10 of translation:
The next tRNA with the 3rd amino acid is brought into the _____
“A site”
In step 11 of translation:
The “free tRNA” is released from the _____
“E site”
In step 12 of translation:
Translation continues until _______
a stop codon is reached, no tRNA
binds to the stop codon, instead the polypeptide chain is
released and the ribosome breaks apart, releasing the mR
Which site on the ribosome does the first tRNA carrying the MET enter into?
A. A
B. P
C. E
B. P
which site on the ribosome is the rest of the tRNA’s entering into?
A. A
B. P
C. E
A. A
if the mRNA sequence is: AUGCCCAAGUAA then the amino acid sequence would be: A. Start-Pro-Lys B. Met-Pro-Lys C. Met-Pro-Lys-Stop D. Start-Pro-Lys-Stop
B. Met-Pro-Lys
What molecules are produced in translation: A. Nucleotides B. DNA C. Polypeptide chains (proteins) D. Amino Acids E. RNA
C. Polypeptide chains (proteins)
Which processes occur in the nucleus? A. DNA Replication and Transcription B. DNA replication only C. Transcription only D. Transcription and translation
A. DNA Replication and Transcription
What are the three tRNA binding sites?
E, P, A
Processing of the mRNA includes removal of ______, leaving the ______ to direct protein synthesis
introns, exons
___ are parts of the mRNA that are removed
Introns
____ are the parts of the mRNA that are kept in the final mRNA
Exons
All polypeptide chains are produced in the ______
ribosomes
Polypeptides/proteins that will be cytosolic are produced on ______, not attached to the rough ER
free floating ribosomes
If the polypeptides/proteins are going to become membrane proteins or are exported out of the cell then the polypeptide chain will be produced
in a ______
ribosome that is brought to the rough ER
Nucleus is:
DNA used as a template to make RNA
Ribosomes functions:
“reads” mRNA to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain
Rough ER functions:
Polypeptide chain folded and tagged with a carbohydrate chain
Golgi complex functions:
Processes, sorts and repackages proteins
Vesicles functions:
Transports proteins
Where in the cell is the polypeptide chain/protein produced? A. in the nucleus B. at the ribosomes C. on the chromosomes D. Endoplasmic reticulum E. Nucleus
B. at the ribosomes
What enzyme builds the complementary DNA strand? A. Helicase B. DNA Polymerase C. DNA Synthase D. RNA Polymerase
B. DNA Polymerase
The amino Acid sequence makes up which level of structure? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary
Primary
What bond connects the monomer units in a protein?
A. Hydrogen bond
B. Ionic bond
C. Peptide bond
Peptide
