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DNA AND PROTEIN PRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

DNA stands for _____

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

DNA is the ______ to making proteins!

A

blueprint

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3
Q

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are made of _______

A

nucleotides

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4
Q

Nucleotides have:

A

 At least one phosphate (ATP has three)
 One sugar (DNA = deoxyribose, RNA = ribose)
 One base (DNA = ATCG, RNA = AUCG)

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5
Q

DNA has four different bases what are they:

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

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6
Q

The sugars and phosphates link together by _______ to form the rail on the outside.

A

covalent bonds

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7
Q

The sugars are covalently bound to a______

A

base

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8
Q

The bases hydrogen bond together to keep the two strands together = _______

A

double helix

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9
Q

Base pairs are two ______, one on each complementary strand of a DNA molecule

A

nucleotides

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10
Q

Two strands bonded together by ______ between the bases = weak bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

Each strand of the double helix has nucleotides bonded together covalently by the _____ and _____

A

phosphate and the sugar

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12
Q

Adenine (A) pairs with ______

A

Thymine (T)

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13
Q

Guanine (G) pairs with _____

A

Cytosine (C)

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14
Q

Before a cell divides, the parent cell needs to ______

A

make a copy of all the DNA

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15
Q

Each _______ receives a copy of the DNA

A

daughter cell

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16
Q

An enzyme, named _____, unwinds the DNA molecule and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs

A

helicase

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17
Q

Enzymes called _______ add new nucleotides to pair with the old DNA

A

DNA polymerases

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18
Q

Now there are two double strands of DNA:

One strand in each is the original ______

A

parental strand

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19
Q

Now there are two double strands of DNA

One strand in each is a new strand that was copied off of the _____

A

parental strand

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20
Q

semi-conservative replication is:

A

Each new DNA molecule contains one strand of the original DNA and one strand of new DNA

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21
Q

The incoming nucleotides have three phosphates, only ____ is used to bond to the sugar molecule

A

one

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22
Q

The energy needed to build the new DNA strand comes from taking the ______

A

other two phosphates off

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23
Q

The energy gained from breaking the bonds is used to _______

A

build the new bond

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24
Q

If the original DNA strand was: TCAT

then the complimentary strand would be _____

A

AGTA

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25
``` What enzyme builds the complementary DNA strand? A. DNA polymerase B. RNA polymerase C. Helicase D. DNA Synthase ```
A. DNA polymerase
26
In DNA that bases are bound to which of the following? A. phosphate B. Sugar
B. Sugar
27
Before a cell can divide, it must _______
make a complete copy of the DNA
28
A point mutation is when :
just one base pair is paired incorrectly
29
GCCT paired with CGTA is an example of :
A mismatched pairing:
30
Mutagens are :
chemicals that damage the DNA and cause mutations in replication
31
Cigarette smoke, Sunlight, Many chemicals (benzene) are examples of:
Mutagens
32
A few things can happen if DNA mutates before the cell replicates, these are:
1. Enzymes can repair the damage 2. Or – The cell may commit suicide (apoptosis) 3. Or – The cell may replicate and the mutation becomes permanent
33
Evolution occurs because:
there is variation in DNA, sometimes a mutation can produce changes that are good
34
How does DNA code for proteins?
Remember that DNA is stored in the nucleus, it is too valuable to leave the nucleus so it makes a copy of itself (RNA) which leaves the nucleus and goes into the cytosol to make the protein.
35
A gene is the portion of the DNA that :
has the code for the production of a specific protein
36
In RNA there is no T (thymine) there is:
U
37
``` If the DNA sequence was ATCG then the complementary mRNA sequence would be: A. TAGC B. UAGC C. UACG D. ATCG ```
B. UAGC
38
mRNA is only a ____-
single strand
39
RNA has same “handrail” structure with the phosphates _______
covalently bound to the sugars
40
RNA sugar is slightly different from DNA’s sugar has an ___ vs ____
OH vs H
41
RNA has four bases:
RNA has Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Adenine (A) and Uracil (U)
42
Uracil is paired to ______
Adenine
43
RNA is _______ stranded, DNA is _____ stranded
single , double
44
Transcription: In the nucleus, _____ is used as a template to produce mRNA
DNA
45
Translation: At the ______, the amino acids are chained together to form a polypeptide chain
ribosome
46
Synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) using ____ as a template
DNA
47
The product of transcription is _____
RNA
48
Transcription happens in the _____
nucleus
49
In transcription, ______ binds to a region on the DNA upstream from the gene called the promoter region.
RNA polymerase (similar to DNA polymerase)
50
In transcription, RNA polymerase (similar to DNA polymerase) binds to a region on the DNA upstream from the gene called the _____
promoter region
51
In transciption, RNA polymerase brings complementary ______ together and binds them together into a chain
RNA nucleotides
52
The nucleotide containing uracil is complementary to ____
adenine
53
In transcription, RNA polymerase links together the _____
RNA nucleotides
54
In transcription, When the RNA transcript is completed, it is _____
released from the DNA
55
At the end of transcription DNA ____
closes again
56
________ the process of reading mRNA to produce a polypeptide chain (protein), this happens at the ribosome.
Translation
57
A codon is :
A three-base sequence that translates into one amino acid
58
Translation uses ______ to identify and transport amino acids to the ribosome
transfer RNA (tRNA)
59
One side of tRNA attaches to an ____
amino acid
60
Anticodon definition
A three base sequence on the tRNA that is complementary to the codon of the mRNA
61
Ribosomes consist of _____ and ______
rRNA molecules and protein
62
It is the ribosome that forms the _____
peptide bond
63
_____ is the enzymatic portion of the ribosome
rRNA
64
mRNA contains:
Contains the plan to make proteins
65
_____ Brings the amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA
66
_____ Catalytic region of the ribosome, makes the peptide bond between the amino acids
rRNA
67
``` Where are ribosomes produced? A. Rough ER B. Smooth ER C. Nucleolus D. Golgi ```
C. Nucleolus
68
In step one of translation: The mRNA leaves the _____ and enters the ______.
nucleus, cytosol
69
In step two of translation: | _____ binds to ribosome
mRNA
70
In Step 3 of translation: | The tRNA with the methionine (MET) amino acid attached, binds to the mRNA codon ____ at the ____
AUG, at the “P site”
71
In step 4 of translation: | tRNA with the next amino acid attached binds to the mRNA codon at the _____
“A site”
72
In step 5 of translation: | The bond between the ____ and _____ is broken
tRNA and MET amino acid
73
In step 6 of translation: A _____ is formed between the MET amino acid and the second amino acid.
peptide bond
74
In step 7 of translation: The transfer RNAs and the mRNA all move over one space on the ribosome = _______
translocation.
75
In step 8 of translation: Now the “free tRNA”, which used to hold the MET amino acid, is now in the ______
“E site”
76
In step 9 of translation: | The tRNA with two amino acids is in the _____ and the “A site” is open
“P site”
77
In step 10 of translation: | The next tRNA with the 3rd amino acid is brought into the _____
“A site”
78
In step 11 of translation: | The “free tRNA” is released from the _____
“E site”
79
In step 12 of translation: Translation continues until _______
a stop codon is reached, no tRNA binds to the stop codon, instead the polypeptide chain is released and the ribosome breaks apart, releasing the mR
80
Which site on the ribosome does the first tRNA carrying the MET enter into? A. A B. P C. E
B. P
81
which site on the ribosome is the rest of the tRNA's entering into? A. A B. P C. E
A. A
82
``` if the mRNA sequence is: AUGCCCAAGUAA then the amino acid sequence would be: A. Start-Pro-Lys B. Met-Pro-Lys C. Met-Pro-Lys-Stop D. Start-Pro-Lys-Stop ```
B. Met-Pro-Lys
83
``` What molecules are produced in translation: A. Nucleotides B. DNA C. Polypeptide chains (proteins) D. Amino Acids E. RNA ```
C. Polypeptide chains (proteins)
84
``` Which processes occur in the nucleus? A. DNA Replication and Transcription B. DNA replication only C. Transcription only D. Transcription and translation ```
A. DNA Replication and Transcription
85
What are the three tRNA binding sites?
E, P, A
86
Processing of the mRNA includes removal of ______, leaving the ______ to direct protein synthesis
introns, exons
87
___ are parts of the mRNA that are removed
Introns
88
____ are the parts of the mRNA that are kept in the final mRNA
Exons
89
All polypeptide chains are produced in the ______
ribosomes
90
Polypeptides/proteins that will be cytosolic are produced on ______, not attached to the rough ER
free floating ribosomes
91
If the polypeptides/proteins are going to become membrane proteins or are exported out of the cell then the polypeptide chain will be produced in a ______
ribosome that is brought to the rough ER
92
Nucleus is:
DNA used as a template to make RNA
93
Ribosomes functions:
“reads” mRNA to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain
94
Rough ER functions:
Polypeptide chain folded and tagged with a carbohydrate chain
95
Golgi complex functions:
Processes, sorts and repackages proteins
96
Vesicles functions:
Transports proteins
97
``` Where in the cell is the polypeptide chain/protein produced? A. in the nucleus B. at the ribosomes C. on the chromosomes D. Endoplasmic reticulum E. Nucleus ```
B. at the ribosomes
98
``` What enzyme builds the complementary DNA strand? A. Helicase B. DNA Polymerase C. DNA Synthase D. RNA Polymerase ```
B. DNA Polymerase
99
``` The amino Acid sequence makes up which level of structure? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary ```
Primary
100
What bond connects the monomer units in a protein? A. Hydrogen bond B. Ionic bond C. Peptide bond
Peptide

Bio Exam 6 (2 decks)

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