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Bio Exam 6 > DNA AND PROTEIN PRODUCTION > Flashcards

DNA AND PROTEIN PRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

DNA stands for _____

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

DNA is the ______ to making proteins!

A

blueprint

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3
Q

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are made of _______

A

nucleotides

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4
Q

Nucleotides have:

A

 At least one phosphate (ATP has three)
 One sugar (DNA = deoxyribose, RNA = ribose)
 One base (DNA = ATCG, RNA = AUCG)

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5
Q

DNA has four different bases what are they:

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

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6
Q

The sugars and phosphates link together by _______ to form the rail on the outside.

A

covalent bonds

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7
Q

The sugars are covalently bound to a______

A

base

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8
Q

The bases hydrogen bond together to keep the two strands together = _______

A

double helix

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9
Q

Base pairs are two ______, one on each complementary strand of a DNA molecule

A

nucleotides

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10
Q

Two strands bonded together by ______ between the bases = weak bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

Each strand of the double helix has nucleotides bonded together covalently by the _____ and _____

A

phosphate and the sugar

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12
Q

Adenine (A) pairs with ______

A

Thymine (T)

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13
Q

Guanine (G) pairs with _____

A

Cytosine (C)

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14
Q

Before a cell divides, the parent cell needs to ______

A

make a copy of all the DNA

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15
Q

Each _______ receives a copy of the DNA

A

daughter cell

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16
Q

An enzyme, named _____, unwinds the DNA molecule and breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs

A

helicase

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17
Q

Enzymes called _______ add new nucleotides to pair with the old DNA

A

DNA polymerases

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18
Q

Now there are two double strands of DNA:

One strand in each is the original ______

A

parental strand

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19
Q

Now there are two double strands of DNA

One strand in each is a new strand that was copied off of the _____

A

parental strand

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20
Q

semi-conservative replication is:

A

Each new DNA molecule contains one strand of the original DNA and one strand of new DNA

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21
Q

The incoming nucleotides have three phosphates, only ____ is used to bond to the sugar molecule

A

one

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22
Q

The energy needed to build the new DNA strand comes from taking the ______

A

other two phosphates off

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23
Q

The energy gained from breaking the bonds is used to _______

A

build the new bond

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24
Q

If the original DNA strand was: TCAT

then the complimentary strand would be _____

A

AGTA

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25
Q 
What enzyme builds the complementary DNA strand?
A. DNA polymerase
B. RNA polymerase
C. Helicase
D. DNA Synthase
A

A. DNA polymerase

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26
Q

In DNA that bases are bound to which of the following?
A. phosphate
B. Sugar

A

B. Sugar

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27
Q

Before a cell can divide, it must _______

A

make a complete copy of the DNA

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28
Q

A point mutation is when :

A

just one base pair is paired incorrectly

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29
Q

GCCT paired with CGTA is an example of :

A

A mismatched pairing:

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30
Q

Mutagens are :

A

chemicals that damage the DNA and cause mutations in replication

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31
Q

Cigarette smoke, Sunlight, Many chemicals (benzene) are examples of:

A

Mutagens

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32
Q

A few things can happen if DNA mutates before the cell replicates, these are:

A
  1. Enzymes can repair the damage
  2. Or – The cell may commit suicide (apoptosis)
  3. Or – The cell may replicate and the mutation becomes permanent
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33
Q

Evolution occurs because:

A

there is variation in DNA, sometimes a mutation can produce changes that are good

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34
Q

How does DNA code for proteins?

A

Remember that DNA is stored in the nucleus, it is too valuable to leave the nucleus so it makes a copy of itself (RNA) which leaves the nucleus
and goes into the cytosol to make the protein.

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35
Q

A gene is the portion of the DNA that :

A

has the code for the production of a specific protein

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36
Q

In RNA there is no T (thymine) there is:

A

U

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37
Q 
If the DNA sequence was ATCG then the complementary mRNA sequence would be:
A. TAGC
B. UAGC
C. UACG
D. ATCG
A

B. UAGC

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38
Q

mRNA is only a ____-

A

single strand

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39
Q

RNA has same “handrail” structure with the phosphates _______

A

covalently bound to the sugars

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40
Q

RNA sugar is slightly different from DNA’s sugar has an ___ vs ____

A

OH vs H

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41
Q

RNA has four bases:

A

RNA has Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Adenine (A) and Uracil (U)

42
Q

Uracil is paired to ______

A

Adenine

43
Q

RNA is _______ stranded, DNA is _____ stranded

A

single , double

44
Q

Transcription: In the nucleus, _____ is used as a template to produce mRNA

A

DNA

45
Q

Translation: At the ______, the amino acids are chained together to
form a polypeptide chain

A

ribosome

46
Q

Synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) using ____ as a template

A

DNA

47
Q

The product of transcription is _____

A

RNA

48
Q

Transcription happens in the _____

A

nucleus

49
Q

In transcription, ______ binds to a region on the DNA upstream from the gene called the promoter region.

A

RNA polymerase (similar to DNA polymerase)

50
Q

In transcription, RNA polymerase (similar to DNA polymerase) binds to a region on the DNA upstream from the gene called the _____

A

promoter region

51
Q

In transciption, RNA polymerase brings complementary ______ together and binds them together into a chain

A

RNA nucleotides

52
Q

The nucleotide containing uracil is complementary to ____

A

adenine

53
Q

In transcription, RNA polymerase links together the _____

A

RNA nucleotides

54
Q

In transcription, When the RNA transcript is completed, it is _____

A

released from the DNA

55
Q

At the end of transcription DNA ____

A

closes again

56
Q

________ the process of reading mRNA to produce a polypeptide chain (protein), this happens at the ribosome.

A

Translation

57
Q

A codon is :

A

A three-base sequence that translates into one amino acid

58
Q

Translation uses ______ to identify and transport amino acids to the ribosome

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

59
Q

One side of tRNA attaches to an ____

A

amino acid

60
Q

Anticodon definition

A

A three base sequence on the tRNA that is complementary to the codon of the mRNA

61
Q

Ribosomes consist of _____ and ______

A

rRNA molecules and protein

62
Q

It is the ribosome that forms the _____

A

peptide bond

63
Q

_____ is the enzymatic portion of the ribosome

A

rRNA

64
Q

mRNA contains:

A

Contains the plan to make proteins

65
Q

_____ Brings the amino acids to the ribosome

A

tRNA

66
Q

_____ Catalytic region of the ribosome, makes the peptide bond between the amino acids

A

rRNA

67
Q 
Where are ribosomes produced?
A. Rough ER
B. Smooth ER
C. Nucleolus
D. Golgi
A

C. Nucleolus

68
Q

In step one of translation:

The mRNA leaves the _____ and enters the ______.

A

nucleus, cytosol

69
Q

In step two of translation:

_____ binds to ribosome

A

mRNA

70
Q

In Step 3 of translation:

The tRNA with the methionine (MET) amino acid attached, binds to the mRNA codon ____ at the ____

A

AUG, at the “P site”

71
Q

In step 4 of translation:

tRNA with the next amino acid attached binds to the mRNA codon at the _____

A

“A site”

72
Q

In step 5 of translation:

The bond between the ____ and _____ is broken

A

tRNA and MET amino acid

73
Q

In step 6 of translation:
A _____ is formed between the MET amino acid
and the second amino acid.

A

peptide bond

74
Q

In step 7 of translation:
The transfer RNAs and the mRNA all move over one space
on the ribosome = _______

A

translocation.

75
Q

In step 8 of translation:
Now the “free tRNA”, which used to hold the MET amino acid,
is now in the ______

A

“E site”

76
Q

In step 9 of translation:

The tRNA with two amino acids is in the _____ and the “A site” is open

A

“P site”

77
Q

In step 10 of translation:

The next tRNA with the 3rd amino acid is brought into the _____

A

“A site”

78
Q

In step 11 of translation:

The “free tRNA” is released from the _____

A

“E site”

79
Q

In step 12 of translation:

Translation continues until _______

A

a stop codon is reached, no tRNA
binds to the stop codon, instead the polypeptide chain is
released and the ribosome breaks apart, releasing the mR

80
Q

Which site on the ribosome does the first tRNA carrying the MET enter into?
A. A
B. P
C. E

A

B. P

81
Q

which site on the ribosome is the rest of the tRNA’s entering into?
A. A
B. P
C. E

A

A. A

82
Q 
if the mRNA sequence is: AUGCCCAAGUAA then the amino acid sequence would be:
A. Start-Pro-Lys
B. Met-Pro-Lys
C. Met-Pro-Lys-Stop
D. Start-Pro-Lys-Stop
A

B. Met-Pro-Lys

83
Q 
What molecules are produced in translation:
A. Nucleotides
B. DNA
C. Polypeptide chains (proteins)
D. Amino Acids
E. RNA
A

C. Polypeptide chains (proteins)

84
Q 
Which processes occur in the nucleus?
A. DNA Replication and Transcription
B. DNA replication only
C. Transcription only
D. Transcription and translation
A

A. DNA Replication and Transcription

85
Q

What are the three tRNA binding sites?

A

E, P, A

86
Q

Processing of the mRNA includes removal of ______, leaving the ______ to direct protein synthesis

A

introns, exons

87
Q

___ are parts of the mRNA that are removed

A

Introns

88
Q

____ are the parts of the mRNA that are kept in the final mRNA

A

Exons

89
Q

All polypeptide chains are produced in the ______

A

ribosomes

90
Q

Polypeptides/proteins that will be cytosolic are produced on ______, not attached to the rough ER

A

free floating ribosomes

91
Q

If the polypeptides/proteins are going to become membrane proteins or are exported out of the cell then the polypeptide chain will be produced
in a ______

A

ribosome that is brought to the rough ER

92
Q

Nucleus is:

A

DNA used as a template to make RNA

93
Q

Ribosomes functions:

A

“reads” mRNA to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain

94
Q

Rough ER functions:

A

Polypeptide chain folded and tagged with a carbohydrate chain

95
Q

Golgi complex functions:

A

Processes, sorts and repackages proteins

96
Q

Vesicles functions:

A

Transports proteins

97
Q 
Where in the cell is the polypeptide chain/protein produced? 
A. in the nucleus
B. at the ribosomes
C. on the chromosomes
D. Endoplasmic 
reticulum
E. Nucleus
A

B. at the ribosomes

98
Q 
What enzyme builds the complementary DNA strand?
A. Helicase
B. DNA Polymerase
C. DNA Synthase
D. RNA Polymerase
A

B. DNA Polymerase

99
Q 
The amino Acid sequence makes up which level of structure?
A. Primary 
B. Secondary
C. Tertiary
D. Quaternary
A

Primary

100
Q

What bond connects the monomer units in a protein?
A. Hydrogen bond
B. Ionic bond
C. Peptide bond

A

Peptide

Bio Exam 6 (2 decks)

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