DNA and DNA sequencing -Test 2 Flashcards
Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between purines and pyramidines?
Purines have a two-ring structure, whereas pyramidines have a single-ring structure
How many carbon atoms are present in the ribose sugar, molecule, a component of RNA?
5
What is the main structural difference between deoxyribose and ribose sugars, which are components of DNA and RNA, respectively?
Deoxyribose has one less oxygen atom than ribose
Which histone proteins are part of the nucleusome core particle?
H2A, H2B, H3, H4
During which phase of the cell cycle do nucleusomes undergo significant reorganization?
S phase
What is the primary role of histones in the structure of nucleusomes?
Form complexes with DNA, aiding in its package and organization
How do histones interact with DNA in the nucleosome structure?
Histones carry positive charges, and bind to the negatively charged DNA in a specific conformation
Which amino acids are particularly rich in positive charges and are commonly found in the histone proteins that interact with DNA in nucleosomes?
Arginine and Lysine
What is the primary role of the histone H1 in the nucleosome structure?
Mediate interactions between adjacent nucleosomes
Which of the following is an example of an epigenetic modification of histones?
Methylation
What is the most accurate definition of epigenetics?
Heritable changes in gene function that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence
How do histone epigenetic changes impact nucleosome structure?
They involve post-translational modifications to histone proteins, influencing chromatin structure and gene expression
What is the role of chromosome compaction during metaphase in cell division?
Aiding in chromosomes segregation
What characterizes the genetic code, making it nearly universal with only rare variations reported?
Uniformity in the arrangement of nucleotide triplets (codons) that code for amino acids
Which cellular process involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?
Transcription
Which subcellular organelle/particle is involved in the process of translation within the cell?
Ribosome
What is the primary factor that determines the migration of DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis?
Size of the DNA fragments
In DNA gel electrophoresis, which direction do DNA fragments migrate in the gel?
Towards the positive electrode (anode)
What is the primary function of Tris in TAE buffer used for DNA electrophoresis?
Stabilize the pH of the buffer
Why is EDTA included in TAE buffer for DNA electrophoresis?
Chelate divalent cations, preventing nucleases activity
What is a potential advantage of using TAE buffer over TBE buffer in DNA electrophoresis?
TAE provides better resolution of small DNA fragments
What is a notable advantage of using TBE buffer compared to TAE buffer in DNA electrophoresis?
TBE provides higher gel resolution for large DNA fragments
When separating PCR products, which buffer system is commonly preferred to achieve optimal resolution and sharp banding?
TAE buffer
In the separation of genomic DNA, which buffer system is often chosen to minimize DNA degradation, getting better resolution and achieve consistent results?
TBE buffer
What is the definition of a karyotype in genetics?
The visual representation of an individual’s complete set of chromosomes
What is an idiogram in the context of cytogenetics?
A graphical representation of chromosome, morphology and banding patterns
Which of the following contributes to the characteristic light and dark band seen in a chromosome’s banding pattern?
Alternating regions of condensed and decondensed chromatin
How is the banding pattern of chromosomes typically detected in cytogenetic analysis?
Staining with specific dyes that highlight the pattern of condensed and decondensed regions
Cytogenetics, how is the banding pattern of chromosomes utilized for identification and analysis?
It aids in the visualization of chromosomal abnormalities and structural variations
In which DNA sequencing method is the incorporation of labeled nucleotides detected through the release of pyrophosphate, leading to a measurable light signal?
Pyrosequencing
What is the primary function of apyrase in pyrosequencing technology?
Removes excess nucleotides from the sequencing reaction
What is a key difference between Sanger sequencing and Maxam-Gilbert sequencing?
Sanger sequencing involves DNA synthesis using labeled nucleotides, while Maxam- Gilbert sequencing relies on chemical cleavage of DNA at specific bases
In which sequencing method is the DNA ladder produced by chain-termination, resulting in fragments of varying lengths?
Sanger sequencing
What is the fundamental basis of nanopore DNA sequencing?
Detection of electrical changes as DNA passes through a nanopore
Arrange the following DNA sequencing technologies in chronological order based on their development, starting from the earliest:
A) Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
B) Sanger sequencing
C) Maxam-Gilbert sequencing
D) Nanopore sequencing
B, C, A, D
In modern science, how does the application of DNA sequencing technology contribute to research and discovery?
Facilitating rapid and accurate identification of genetic variations
How have human genome projects contributed to research and understanding neuroscience?
By providing insights into the genetic basis of neurological disorders
Which of the following genome data browsers is hosted by the university of California, Santa Cruz, providing a comprehensive collection of genomic data?
UCSC Genome browser
What is the correct sequence of the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA to RNA to protein
During transcription, what is the primary function of RNA polymerase?
Synthesizing RNA from DNA
Which of the following components is not directly involved in the process of transcription?
Ribosome
Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for carrying out the process of translation?
Ribosome
During translation, what is the role of transfer RNA (tRNA)?
Carrying amino acids to the ribosome
In translation, what is the purpose of the anticodon on tRNA?
Recognizes the mRNA codon
Which enzyme is responsible for the removal of introns and the splicing together of exons during mRNA processing?
Spliceosome
Which of the following accurately describes some aspects of Intron in eukaryotic genes?
They are spliced out during RNA processing
What is the degeneracy of the genetic code?
Some amino acids are coded by multiple codons
Which of the following statements about the start codon is correct?
The star codon codes for the amino acid methionine
Where does the process of RNA splicing predominantly take place within eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
What is the primary function of RNA splicing in eukaryotic cells?
Removal of introns from pre-mRNA
