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B4 > DNA and Chromosomes > Flashcards

DNA and Chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cell?

A
  • Prokaryotic Cell

* Eukaryotic Cell

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2
Q

How is DNA present in prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic Cells:
• DNA molecules are shorter
• DNA molecules form a circle
• not associated with any protein molecules
• Prokaryotic cells do not have chromosomes

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3
Q

How is DNA present in eukaryotic cells?

A
  • DNA molecules are longer, form a line ( linear ), not a circle
  • In association with proteins called histones to form structures called chromosomes
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells contain DNA, which is short circular and not associated with histones
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4
Q

When are chromosomes visible?

A
  • Chromosomes are only visible as distinct structures when a cell is dividing.
  • Aside from this time, they are widely dispersed throughout the nucleus
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5
Q

How is DNA present during division?

A
  • DNA becomes visible at the s tart of cell division
  • Chromosomes appear as two threads, joined at a single point
  • Each thread is a chromatid
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6
Q

What is a chromatid?

A
  • A thread of a chromosome, each thread is a chromatid

* Chromosomes made up of two chromatid threads joined at a single point

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7
Q

What is the DNA held in chromosomes by?

A

Histones

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8
Q

How are chromosomes formed?

A
  • DNA molecule combines with histones. helix is wound around histones to fix it in position
  • DNA-histone complex is formed
  • DNA-Histone complex coils fold to form loops
  • Loops further coil and pack together to form the chromosome
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9
Q

What is formed when DNA and histones combine?

A

DNA-Histone Complexes

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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

Sequence of DNA bases

Either as a polypeptide or functional RNA

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11
Q

What forms the primary structure?

A

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

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12
Q

Why is DNA turned into chromosomes?

A
  • A lot of DNA is condensed into a single chromosomes

* Chromosome contains a single molecule of DNA

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13
Q

How much DNA does a chromosome contain?

A

Single molecule of DNA

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14
Q

How are genes present on the DNA molecule?

A

Each gene occupies a specific position ( locus ) along the DNA molecule

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15
Q

What causes sexually produced organisms?

A

Result of the fusion of a sperm and an egg

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16
Q

Where do the chromosomes come from in sexually produced organisms?

A

• Each contributes one set of chromosomes to the offspring

17
Q

What are the maternal chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes from the mother

18
Q

What are paternal chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes from the father

19
Q

What are homologous pairs?

A
  • Homologous pairs are made up of chromosome pairs of the same length
  • A homologous pair is always two chromosomes that carry the same genes but not necessarily the same alleles of the genes
  • One homologous pair is inherited from the organism’s mother.
  • Another is inherited from the organism’s father
20
Q

What is the diploid number

A
  • Diploid cell is a cell that contains two sets of chromosomes
  • Each chromosome pair is considered to be one set of homologous chromosomes
21
Q

What type of cell are gametes?

A

Haploid

22
Q

What is an allele?

A

One of a number of alternative forms of a gene

23
Q

What are genes?

A

Sections of DNA that contain coded information in the form of specific sequences of bases

24
Q

What does a change in the base sequence of a change cause?

A
  • Produces a new allele of that gene, a mutation, and results in a different sequence of amino acids being coded for.
  • Different amino acid sequence will lead to the production of a different polypeptide, and a different protein
  • This protein may not function properly or may not function at all, when the protein produced is an enzyme, may have a new shape
  • The new shape may not fit the substrate, leading to the enzyme not functioning
25
Q

How do mutations affect the body?

A
  • Different amino acid sequence will lead to the production of a different polypeptide, and a different protein
  • This protein may not function properly or may not function at all, when the protein produced is an enzyme, may have a new shape
  • The new shape may not fit the substrate, leading to the enzyme not functioning

B4 (5 decks)

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