DNA and Cell Division M2 Flashcards
Extraction and purification of DNA
- physically break up cells to break open cell walls. 2. Add washing-up liquid to break open plasma and nuclear membranes. 3. Add salt which binds to DNA, and helps to precipitate the DNA. 4. Water bath at 60 degrees to denature the enzymes that would breakdown DNA. 5. Add protease enzyme to break down histones/proteins that the DNA bound to. 6. Add ice-cold ethanol precipitates the DNA to form visible strands.
A gene is…
a section of a chromosome that codes for a specific protein from a sequence of amino acid.
What does degenerate code mean?
there is more than one codon for each amino acid. ie. CCC and CCG both code for the same amino acid
What does non-overlapping code mean?
means that the same letter is not used for two different codons
What is meant by universal code?
the codes for amino acids are the same in all organism
Explain why DNA replication is considered to be semi-conservative.
- one strand acts as a template 2. half the nucleotides are in each in double-helix DNA so it contains half the bases of the original strand
Why is complementary base pairing important.
- reformation of H-bonds 2. allows the template strand to be transcripted in the nucleus and translated.
Compare DNA replication and transcription
- (D) Replication needs DNA polymerase whereas transcription needs RNA polymerase to join to the backbone and help bind free nucleotides. 2. (D) Replication produces identical double helix structure, transcription produces a single strand of mRNA that travels to ribosome to be copied. + different helicase enzymes, RNA v DNA nucleotides. 3. (S) DNA unwinds, using helicase enzyme. Template DNA. Complementary DMA. H-bonds.
Describe the process of DNA replication (semi-conservative)
- Semi conservative replication 2. HELIX unwinds. 3. H-BONDS break, each polynucleotide chain acts a template strand 4. free NUCLEOTIDES line up 5. COMPLIMENTARY BASE PAIRING. 6. H-BONDS reform. 7. DNA polymerase joins the backbone. 8. Phosphodiester bonds and nucleotides join together 9. each new molecule has one new strand and one original strand
Name the stages of mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
Prophase
Chromosomes condense, centrioles move to opposite ends of cells and nuclear envelope breaks down.
how does genetic variation occur in meiosis
Independent assortment - different combos of alleles is a random alignment of chromosomes on the equator. Crossing Over - In prophase, chromatids twist around each other and parts of the swap over.
Metaphase
Chromosomes aligned at the equator, chromosomes attached to the spindle via centromere
Anaphase
centromeres divide, sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibres
Describe each stage in the cell cycle
G1 phase - cells grows, new organelles and proteins are made. G1 checkpoint - cell checks for any damage to DNA before entering S - phase. S phase - cells replicate its DNA ready to divide by mitosis. G2 phase - cells keep growing and proteins need for cell division. G2 checkpoint - cell checks whether DNA has been replicated without any damage, so the cell can enter mitosis. Metaphase checkpoint - check assembly of spindle fibres and chromosomes attach correctly.