dna analysis

Question 1

In 1901, he announced one of the most significant discoveries of the twentieth century—the typing of blood

Answer 1

Karl Landsteiner

Question 2

It is a type of protein found on the outside of red blood cells. The protein is genetically inherited. If you have the protein, you are Rh-positive. If you did not inherit the protein, you are Rh-negative

Answer 2

Rh factor or Rhesus factor

Question 3

In theory, no two individuals, except for identical twins, could be expected to have the same combination of blood factors. In other words, blood factors are controlled genetically and have the potential of being a highly distinctive feature for personal identification

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The molecules that carry the body’s

genetic information

Answer 4

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 5

refers to a highly complex mixture of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances

Answer 5

blood

Question 6

It is the fluid portion of blood.

It is composed principally of water and accounts for 55 percent of blood content.

Answer 6

Plasma

Question 7

The solid portion of blood is suspended in the plasma and accounts for 45 percent of its content.

Answer 7

red blood cells (i.e., erythrocytes), white blood cells (i.e., leukocytes), and platelets.

Question 8

What happens when a protein in the plasma known as fibrin traps and enmeshes
the red blood cells?

Answer 8

Blood clot

Question 9

If the clotted material were removed from the blood, a pale yellowish liquid known as ___ would be left.

It also contains proteins known as antibodies.

Answer 9

serum

Question 10

They transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and remove carbon dioxide from tissues by transporting it back to the lungs, where it is exhaled.

Answer 10

Red blood cells (RBC)

Question 11

On the surface of each red blood cell are millions of characteristic chemical structures called?

Answer 11

Antigens

Question 12

All type A individuals have A antigens.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

All type B individuals have B antigens.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

All AB individuals contain both A and

B antigens.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

All type O individuals have neither A nor B antigens

on their cells.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Those people who have the D antigen
are said to be Rh positive; those without this antigen
are Rh negative.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

The fundamental principle of blood typing is that, for every antigen, there exists a specific antibody

Answer 17

True

Question 18

The antibody-containing serum is referred to as the ____, meaning a serum that reacts against something (i.e., antigens).

Answer 18

antiserum

Question 19

An antibody reacts only with its specific antigen
and no other. Thus, if serum containing anti-B is added
to red blood cells carrying the B antigen, the two will
combine, causing the antibody to attach itself to the
cell.. This creates a vast network of cross-linked cells usually seen in the form of clumping, or agglutination

Answer 19

True’

Question 20

Antibodies have two reactive sites. This means that each antibody can simultaneously be attached to antigens located on two different red blood cells.

Answer 20

Antibodies are bivalent

Question 21

A protein in the blood serum that
destroys or inactivates a specific
antigen.

Answer 21

antibody

Question 22

Blood serum that contains specific

antibodies.

Answer 22

antiserum

Question 23

The clumping together of red
blood cells by the action of an
antibody.

Answer 23

agglutination

Question 24

To produce antibodies capable of reacting with drugs, a specific drug is combined with a protein, and this combination is injected into an animal
such as a rabbit. This drug–protein complex acts as an antigen, stimulating the animal to produce antibodies. The recovered blood serum of the animal will now contain antibodies that are specific or nearly specific to the drug.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

It is designed as a urine dipstick test for blood, the strip can be moistened with distilled
water and placed in contact with a suspect bloodstain. The appearance of a green color indicates the presence of blood.

Answer 25

Hemastix strips

Question 26

After spraying ____ reagent onto
suspect items, agents darken the room; any bloodstains produce a faint blue
glow, known as luminescence.

Answer 26

luminol

Question 27

A relatively new product that is now available to be used in place of luminol.

Answer 27

Bluestar

Question 28

Luminol and Bluestar will not interfere

with any subsequent DNA testing

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Both depend on the addition of specific chemicals to the blood to form characteristic crystals
containing hemoglobin derivatives.

Answer 29

Takayama and Teichmann tests

the 2 are types of microcrystalline test?

Question 30

They are far less sensitive than color tests for blood identification and are more susceptible to interference
from contaminants that may be present in the stain

Answer 30

Crystal tests

Question 31

The standard test that determines
whether the blood is of human or animal origin.

It uses antisera, normally derived from rabbits that have been injected with the blood of a known animal, to determine the species origin of a questioned bloodstain.

Answer 31

Precipitin test

Question 32

Antibodies and antigens diffuse or move toward one another on a plate coated with a gel medium made from a natural polymer called agar. The
extracted bloodstain and the human antiserum are placed in separate holes opposite each other on the gel. If the blood is human, a line of precipitation
forms where the antigens and antibodies meet.

Answer 32

Gel diffusion

Question 33

An electrical potential is applied to the gel medium; a specific antigen–antibody reaction is denoted by a line of precipitation formed between the hole containing the blood extract and the hole containing the human antiserum

Answer 33

Electrophoretic method

Question 34

The determination that a substance is blood is best made by means of a preliminary color test. A positive result from the ______ is highly indicative of blood.

Answer 34

Kastle-Meyer color test