DNA Flashcards
Eukaryotes
Any cell that possesses a defined nucleus.
Nucleus
A double membrane surrounded organelle with pores.
Membrane
A thin sheet of tissue layer cells acting as a boundary and protection.
Organelle
Any number of organized/specialized structures within a living cell.
Nuclear pores
- A large complex of proteins.
- Spans the nuclear envelope
- Surrounds the eukaryotic cell
Nucleoplasm
The substance of a cell nucleus other than the chromosomes or nucleus.
Metabolism
- A sum of all chemical changes in a cell or organism.
- Molecules are broken down to release energy.
Nucleolus
Largest structure in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
Chromatin network
- Network of the cell nucleus.
- Contains all DNA of the cell.
DNA
- A self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms.
- Main constituent of chromosomes. (genetic info)
Chromosomes
- Thread-like structure of nucleic acids and proteins.
- Carries genetic information. (genes)
Genes
Transferred characteristics from parents to offspring.
Mitochondria
- Double membrane organelle found in eukaryotic organisms.
- Converts food to energy.
Chloroplast
In green plant cells, a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
Extranuclear DNA
- Small circular chromosomes
- Located in 2 types of organelle found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
RNA
- Ribonucleic acid found in all living cells.
- Acts as a messenger from DNA.
Monomers
A molecule that bonds to identical molecules to form polymer.
Nucleotides
Biological molecules that form the building blocks of nucleic acids.
Cytoplasm
The material (protoplasm) within a living cell excluding the nucleus.
Polymer
Substance composed of macromolecules with repeating structural units.
Monomer
Units (building blocks) that bind other molecules together.
Nucleotides
Biological molecules that form the building blocks of nucleic acids.
Deoxyribose sugar
A chemical compound derived from the sugar ribose by loss of an oxygen atom.
Phosphate group
Occurs once connected to a molecule containing Carbon.
Nitrogenous base
A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base.
Adenine
Functions in protein synthesis.
Thymine
One of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA.
Cytosine
A pyrimidine derivative.
Guanine
- A compound that occurs in guano.
- A derivative of purine.
Purine
Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound.
Pyrimidine
A colorless crystalline compound with basic properties.
Hydrogen bonds
Form of association between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom attached to a second electronegative atom.
Gene
Coded instructions for making everything your body needs.
Genome
The entirety of an organism’s hereditary information.
DNA replication
Ensures that each new cell made contains an entire set of instructions.
Protein synthesis
The construction of proteins by the living cells.
Amino acids
A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl and an amino group.
Coding DNA
Sequence of a gene’s DNA that transcribes into protein structures
Non-coding DNA
- DNA sequence on a chromosome that is not in a gene and that does not code for proteins
- Instead regulates and controls gene expression.
Gene expression
Conversion of a gene’s sequence into a mature gene product or products.
Mutation
Change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism.
