DNA Flashcards
What is Molecular Biology
The study of how micro molecules function
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
The discovery of DNA
Are nucleic acids macromolecules or micromolecules?
Macromolecules
How are Nucleic acids assembled?
From repeating monomers (a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer) called nucleotides.
What are nucleotides composed of?
Nitrogen, Sugars (Glucose), and Base (Phosphate)
What type of information does DNA store and what traits is it responsible for?
Stores hereditary information, and responsible for inherited traits in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes in a large group of viruses.
What is the hereditary molecule of another large group of viruses and contains three types of RNA that are involved in protein syntheses?
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
How are Nucleotide are linked together by covalent bonds?
1) A nitrogenous base formed from rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms 2) A five-carbon, ring-shaped sugar 3) One to three phosphate groups.
What is a five-carbon sugar called in DNA and in RNA?
DNA: Deoxyribose RNA: Ribose
How is the skeletal formula different in DNA sugar and RNA sugar?
Ribose has a C 2’ has a OH group creating 2 OH groups on 2 Carbons ( 3’ and 2’)
What are the two types of Nitrogenous Bases?
Pyrimidines and Purines
What composes a pyrimidines?
1) Nitrogenous bases with one carbon-nitrogen ring 2) Uracil (U), Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C)
What composes Purines?
Nitrogen bases with two-carbon nitrogen rings 2) Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
What is the chemical structure of Uracil?
What is the strucutre of Thymine?
What is the strucutre of Cystine
What is the structure of Adenine
What is the structure of Guanine
What three Nitrogenous Bases do RNA nad DNA share?
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
What unique nitrogenous base does DNA have?
Thymine
What unique nitrogenous base does RNA have?
Uracil
What unique shape does one stand of DNA contain?
Antiparrallel
True or Flase: Protien reproduction is possible without DNA?
False
What is known as the 1st Hypothesis and Why?
RNA, becuaseit contains Nucleic Acids that produce Gentic material which Catalyize Ribosomes which then prodcues RNA
How are Nucleotides Linked?
Phosphate Linkage
The nitrogenous base Adenine is bonded to Thymine or Uracile by how many Hydrogen Bonds?
2
The Nitrogenouse Base Guanine and Cytosine is bonded by how many hydrogens?
3
How do hydrogen bases maintain stacking?
Hydrophobic Interactions between Hydrogen Bonds wihtin the Nitrogenous Base.
What is a double-helical region?
It is when a single-strand of RNA molecule folds back on themselves.
What types of base pairing takes place in double helical regions?
Uracile takes the palce of Thymine forming an A-U base pair.
RNA molecules exists mainly as what type of chains?
Polynucleotide chains.
When are “Hybrid” DNA chains formed temporarily?
When RNA copies DNA (Transcription)
Who are the three noble prize winners for the Genetic Code and its function in Protein Synthesis? What year was it?
Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, and Marshal W. Nirenberg. 1968
True or False: The finding of the Genetic code was noted as Redudnet becuase DNA contained little to no value compared to Protien?
True
How many Codons are there total in the Gentic Code, and how many of them are STOP and how many of them are Ammino Acids?
64 Total, 3 Stop, 61 Ammino Acids
What year is noted as the Birthday of Molecular Biology?
1962
Who was awarded for the discovery of the molecular structure of Nucleic Acids and its Significance for information transfer in living material?
Francis Crick, James Watson, Maruce Wilikins
What types of models did Watson and Crick use to test thier ideas?
Stick and Ball
What model did Rosalind Franklin & Maruce Wiliking use to test thier ideas on possible DNA?
X-ray diffraction
In RNA and DNA, Ribosomes link to form what?
Polypeptides
What year was DNA first Isolated?
1868
What did the Tertanucleotide Hypothesis propose?
That there were two types of Nucleic Acids and 4 bases that were present in equimolar quantities.
Who took the first X-Ray diffraction Pictures of DNA, and what was discovered about nucleotides?
William Astbury, Nucleotides were spaced at 0.34 nm intervals.
Who discovered that A=T and G=C?
Erwin Chargarff (1940s)
Did Chargarff himself appreciate his discovery?
NO
In the 1940’s, what two scientiest used X-ray difrreaction do study the structure of hemoglobin and myoglobin?
Max Perutz: Hemoglobin & John Kendrew: Myoglobin
When was the Alpha-helix discovered, and who discovered it?
1940’s and Linus Pauling
Who used X-Ray diffraction of DNA in the 1940’s
Maruice Wilikins, Rosalind Franklin, and Raymond Gosling
When did Watson and Creek start working together?
1951
When was DNA confirmed to be Genetic Material, how, and by whom?
Hershey Chase, Labeled DNA in Bacteriophage (caused protiends to disappear)
What does X-ray diffraction analyize?
A three dimensional Atomic Structure of a molecule or crystals (histones)
What did Watson and Crick’s first model look like?
Phosphate Groups on the inside connected by Magnisium and Bases projecting outward.
What model did the Atsbury structure first appear?
Watson and Crick’s first model.
Who ruled out the first model and why?
Franklin said that the strucutre did not have enought water and that there was no way to from the phosphate-phosphate interaction in the model.
