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Molecular Biology and Cell Theory > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Molecular Biology

A

The study of how micro molecules function

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2
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

The discovery of DNA

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3
Q

Are nucleic acids macromolecules or micromolecules?

A

Macromolecules

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4
Q

How are Nucleic acids assembled?

A

From repeating monomers (a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer) called nucleotides.

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5
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

Nitrogen, Sugars (Glucose), and Base (Phosphate)

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6
Q

What type of information does DNA store and what traits is it responsible for?

A

Stores hereditary information, and responsible for inherited traits in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes in a large group of viruses.

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7
Q

What is the hereditary molecule of another large group of viruses and contains three types of RNA that are involved in protein syntheses?

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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8
Q

How are Nucleotide are linked together by covalent bonds?

A

1) A nitrogenous base formed from rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms 2) A five-carbon, ring-shaped sugar 3) One to three phosphate groups.

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9
Q

What is a five-carbon sugar called in DNA and in RNA?

A

DNA: Deoxyribose RNA: Ribose

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10
Q

How is the skeletal formula different in DNA sugar and RNA sugar?

A

Ribose has a C 2’ has a OH group creating 2 OH groups on 2 Carbons ( 3’ and 2’)

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11
Q

What are the two types of Nitrogenous Bases?

A

Pyrimidines and Purines

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12
Q

What composes a pyrimidines?

A

1) Nitrogenous bases with one carbon-nitrogen ring 2) Uracil (U), Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C)

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13
Q

What composes Purines?

A

Nitrogen bases with two-carbon nitrogen rings 2) Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

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14
Q

What is the chemical structure of Uracil?

A
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15
Q

What is the strucutre of Thymine?

A
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16
Q

What is the strucutre of Cystine

A
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17
Q

What is the structure of Adenine

A
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18
Q

What is the structure of Guanine

A
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19
Q

What three Nitrogenous Bases do RNA nad DNA share?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

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20
Q

What unique nitrogenous base does DNA have?

A

Thymine

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21
Q

What unique nitrogenous base does RNA have?

A

Uracil

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22
Q

What unique shape does one stand of DNA contain?

A

Antiparrallel

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23
Q

True or Flase: Protien reproduction is possible without DNA?

A

False

24
Q

What is known as the 1st Hypothesis and Why?

A

RNA, becuaseit contains Nucleic Acids that produce Gentic material which Catalyize Ribosomes which then prodcues RNA

25
Q

How are Nucleotides Linked?

A

Phosphate Linkage

26
Q

The nitrogenous base Adenine is bonded to Thymine or Uracile by how many Hydrogen Bonds?

A

2

27
Q

The Nitrogenouse Base Guanine and Cytosine is bonded by how many hydrogens?

A

3

28
Q

How do hydrogen bases maintain stacking?

A

Hydrophobic Interactions between Hydrogen Bonds wihtin the Nitrogenous Base.

29
Q

What is a double-helical region?

A

It is when a single-strand of RNA molecule folds back on themselves.

30
Q

What types of base pairing takes place in double helical regions?

A

Uracile takes the palce of Thymine forming an A-U base pair.

31
Q

RNA molecules exists mainly as what type of chains?

A

Polynucleotide chains.

32
Q

When are “Hybrid” DNA chains formed temporarily?

A

When RNA copies DNA (Transcription)

33
Q

Who are the three noble prize winners for the Genetic Code and its function in Protein Synthesis? What year was it?

A

Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, and Marshal W. Nirenberg. 1968

34
Q

True or False: The finding of the Genetic code was noted as Redudnet becuase DNA contained little to no value compared to Protien?

A

True

35
Q

How many Codons are there total in the Gentic Code, and how many of them are STOP and how many of them are Ammino Acids?

A

64 Total, 3 Stop, 61 Ammino Acids

36
Q

What year is noted as the Birthday of Molecular Biology?

A

1962

37
Q

Who was awarded for the discovery of the molecular structure of Nucleic Acids and its Significance for information transfer in living material?

A

Francis Crick, James Watson, Maruce Wilikins

38
Q

What types of models did Watson and Crick use to test thier ideas?

A

Stick and Ball

39
Q

What model did Rosalind Franklin & Maruce Wiliking use to test thier ideas on possible DNA?

A

X-ray diffraction

40
Q

In RNA and DNA, Ribosomes link to form what?

A

Polypeptides

41
Q

What year was DNA first Isolated?

A

1868

42
Q

What did the Tertanucleotide Hypothesis propose?

A

That there were two types of Nucleic Acids and 4 bases that were present in equimolar quantities.

43
Q

Who took the first X-Ray diffraction Pictures of DNA, and what was discovered about nucleotides?

A

William Astbury, Nucleotides were spaced at 0.34 nm intervals.

44
Q

Who discovered that A=T and G=C?

A

Erwin Chargarff (1940s)

45
Q

Did Chargarff himself appreciate his discovery?

A

NO

46
Q

In the 1940’s, what two scientiest used X-ray difrreaction do study the structure of hemoglobin and myoglobin?

A

Max Perutz: Hemoglobin & John Kendrew: Myoglobin

47
Q

When was the Alpha-helix discovered, and who discovered it?

A

1940’s and Linus Pauling

48
Q

Who used X-Ray diffraction of DNA in the 1940’s

A

Maruice Wilikins, Rosalind Franklin, and Raymond Gosling

49
Q

When did Watson and Creek start working together?

A

1951

50
Q

When was DNA confirmed to be Genetic Material, how, and by whom?

A

Hershey Chase, Labeled DNA in Bacteriophage (caused protiends to disappear)

51
Q

What does X-ray diffraction analyize?

A

A three dimensional Atomic Structure of a molecule or crystals (histones)

52
Q

What did Watson and Crick’s first model look like?

A

Phosphate Groups on the inside connected by Magnisium and Bases projecting outward.

53
Q

What model did the Atsbury structure first appear?

A

Watson and Crick’s first model.

54
Q

Who ruled out the first model and why?

A

Franklin said that the strucutre did not have enought water and that there was no way to from the phosphate-phosphate interaction in the model.

55
Q
A

Molecular Biology and Cell Theory (2 decks)

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