DNA

Question 1

conservative model

Answer 1

the parent strands stay in tact and make pure daughter strand DNA (not how DNA is made)

Question 2

semi conservative replication

Answer 2

the parent strand is conserved but splits from the other strand and pairs with a new daughter strand

Question 3

initiation

Answer 3

a

Question 4

elongation

Answer 4

a

Question 5

termination

Answer 5

a

Question 6

template strand

Answer 6

the parent strand from the original parent strand

Question 7

polymerase

Answer 7

the enzyme that creates polymers

the enzyme looks at the shape and structure of the template to place the proper nucleotide

the nucleotide that comes in has three phosphates to provide the proper amount of energy to allow condensation synthesis to occur

DNA has to be built in a certain direction so the phosphates are in the correct spot. connected 5’ to 3’

Question 8

replicon

Answer 8

where replication begins in bacteria

Question 9

replisome

Answer 9

a multi complex of enzymes that carries out DNA synthesis

found at the replication forks

contains helicase which is the enzyme that unwinds and separates

SSBs or single stranded bonding proteins stop hydrogen bonds from reforming after they are broken

DNA gyrase will bind further up the strand to prevent super coiling

DNA polymerase can only attach to a already existing daughter strand

DNA primase can create a short sequence of RNA to allow polymerase to be able to bind and build daughter DNA

Question 10

beta-subunit, beta-clamp

Answer 10

holds DNA Pol III in place as it synthesizes

Question 11

DNA plo I

Answer 11

removes and digests nucleotides the RNA primers and replaces them with the appropriate DNA base

binds to the end of the previous fragment then removes and replaces a base one at a time

works with DNA ligase to add the proper phosphates into the gaps

Question 12

complimentary base pairing

Answer 12

the reading of what complimentary base to pair with its respective base on the other strand

the advantage is that it has less steps to make two copies of DNA

Question 13

telomeres

Answer 13

repeating sequences at the end of chromosomes so when they shorten genes don’t get cut out just the telomeres get cut out

telomerase is an enzyme that extends the telomeres to protect the coded parts of DNA

Question 14

condon

Answer 14

the first the letters that code for a certain amino-acid

Question 15

point mutation

Answer 15

where one base is chained is changed

sense mutation is where a base is changed but it creates the same protein

missense is point mutation where it doesn’t change much in the gene, but there are cases where it is changed a gene drastically

nonsense mutation where the change is by early termination

frame shift?

chromosomal mutation?

Question 16

operon

Answer 16

is a cluster of genes in prokaryotic cells can create multiple enzymes with one strand making translation more effective

Question 17

mature MRNA

Answer 17

a 5’ cap is at the end made of Methylated GDP. this helps attach to the ribosome and protect the MRNA

at the 3’ end there is a 3’ poly-A-tail. this protects the three prime end and its length will determine how long the MRNA is able to be used.

RNA splicing involves Exons code for building proteins and are split up with Introns which don’t code for anything so they are cut out to only leave the useful Exons

mature MRNA consists of a 5’ cap, a 3’ tail and only Exons

Question 18

SnRNP

Answer 18

these are used to cut out the introns and four of them make a spliceozome

Question 19

t-rna

Answer 19

the three prime end is known as the acceptor end where there is an attached amino acid

the anticodon end hold the complimentary codon so they can bind to a codon

Question 20

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Answer 20

the enzyme that attaches the amino acid to the tRNA and makes them charged so when the amino acid breaks off the hydrolysis will release energy giving the next reaction energy