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DNA Flashcards

1
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A

Phosphate, Deoxyribose Sugar and one of the four bases

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2
Q

Name the four bases

A

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

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3
Q

What are the complementary bases

A

Adenine and Thymine come together to make (A-T)

Guanine and Cytosine come together to make (G-C)

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4
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a human cell?

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

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5
Q

How many chromosomes in an ova or sperm? Or a gamete

A

23 only one of each pair

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6
Q

What do the initials DNA represent?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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7
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA and the molecules inside them?

A

Nucleotides

  • Phosphate
  • Deoxyribose Sugar
  • Base
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8
Q

In what year did scientists know about DNA?

A

1953

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9
Q

C stands for

A

Cytosine

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10
Q

G stands for

A

Guanine

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11
Q

What are the rungs of the ladder made up of

A

Hydrogen bonds and complementary bases.

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12
Q

What molecules make the upright of the ladder?

A

Group Phosphate and deoxyribose sugar

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13
Q

What is the molecules upright to which the rungs are joined?

A

The deoxyriboseSugar

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14
Q

The shape of the DNA is often referred to as a…

A

Double helix

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15
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

The nucleus of the cell

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16
Q

How many chromosomes are in the nucleus?

A

46

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17
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Genes

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18
Q

What are genes?

A

A small piece of DNA that carries the information for a certain trait

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19
Q

T stands for

A

Thymine

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20
Q

A stands for

A

Adenine

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21
Q

Nucleotide

A

The building blocks of DNA

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22
Q

Complementary Base Pairing

A

A-T G-C

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23
Q

Four scientists who helped discover DNA

A

Crick
Watson
Franklin
Wilkins

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24
Q

Karyotype

A

A picture of a person chromosomes. It also contains the number and appearance of a cell.

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25
Q

What is DNA

A

A compound

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26
Q

How are the bases joined?

A

By hydrogen bonds

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27
Q

In DNA replication what is a parent strand?

A

A parent strand is a strand of DNA that breaks of at the origin of replication and duplicates itself.

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28
Q

What was Gregor Mendels contribution to genetics?

A

He created the basis for the study if modern genetics.

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29
Q

What is a Punnet square?

A

A Punnet square is a way of displaying all the possible types of offspring.

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30
Q

What is paid attention to when analysing a Karyotype?

A

Length, position of a centromere, banding pattern and difference between sex cells.

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31
Q

Centromere

A

Cross section of a chromosome

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32
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes in a human cell?

A

22 pairs + a pair of sex chromosomes

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33
Q

Male Gender Chromosomes pattern

34
Q

Female gender Chromosomes pair labelled..

35
Q

WHEN are the chromosomes visible in a human cell?

A

When they are dividing.

36
Q

Which type of cells are best to see under a microscope?

A

Onion is the most easiest to see

37
Q

When are chromosomes present in the cell?

38
Q

Mitosis

A

Replication of itself exactly. Like snails

Single duplication of a cell and all its parts, they have the same genetic code.

39
Q

Meiosis

A

Has two divisions and creates two daughter cells. Meiosis creates gametes which are sex cells. Every cell that is produced by meiosis is different genetically.

40
Q

How many chromosomes are there in the duplicate cell that has been through the process of mitosis?

41
Q

How many chromosomes are there in the 4 cells that has been through the process of meiosis?

A

23 chromosomes (gamete)

42
Q

What type of process is mitosis?

43
Q

Mitosis Process

A
  1. Chromosomes replicate to become double stranded.
  2. Double stranded chromosomes become visible.
  3. Double stranded chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell.
  4. Chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.
  5. Two nuclei form each with the same number of chromosomes with complete sets.
  6. Membranes form separating the two nuclei into two daughter cells.
44
Q

Meiosis Process

A
  1. Pairs of double stranded chromosomes line up.
  2. One double stranded chromosome of each pair moves to each pole.
  3. Two cells are formed.
  4. Double stranded chromosomes line up.
  5. Chromatids separate and move to poles.
  6. Four cells result with the number of chromosomes in gametes or one set.
45
Q

Similairties between Mitosis and Meiosis

A
  • Produce new cells and replicate genetic material.
  • Cells are reproduced.
  • The cell must duplicate DNA.
  • They both duplicate to create DNA
46
Q

How many cells are produced with one event of mitosis?

47
Q

How many cells are produced with one event of meiosis?

48
Q

Where does mitosis take place?

A

All over the body

49
Q

Where does meiosis take place?

A

Sex organs such as the ovaries and the testicles.

50
Q

What is the aim of mitosis?

A

Cell growth and general body growth and repair of the body.

51
Q

What is the function of meiosis?

A

Cells for sexual reproduction

52
Q

What type of cells does meiosis create?

53
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

One of the strands following replication

54
Q

Making copies of DNA is sometimes called..

A

Replication

55
Q

Why is it essential that chromosomes replicate?

A

When the cell divides, the new cell formed must receive a copy of each chromosome genetic material. If DNA did not replicate the daughter cells have the same genetic material. Everyone would be the same!

56
Q

Define haploid

A

23 or N

A gamete has 23 chromosomes in total. This is the haploid number.

57
Q

Why is it important that the number of cells are reduced when a gamete is created?

A

When the sex cells come together in reproduction to form the new cell, they will have a full set of chromosomes and genes from both of the parents.

58
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

46 or 2N
Diploid cells are the chromosomes in your body cells. There are 46 chromosomes half of which are from the mother and the other half from the father.

59
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

Haploid cells are gametes or sex cells. They have 23 chromosomes and either will have female or male chromosomes.

60
Q

What happens between mitosis to a cell?

A

It goes through a life cycle. It goes through stages of replication and also performing it’s function

61
Q

What do sperm and ova fertilise to make?

62
Q

Who discovered how traits are inherited?

A

Gregor Mendel, the Father of Genetics

63
Q

What is genetics the study of?

A

Hereditary

64
Q

What is hereditary?

A

The passing of traits from parent to offspring

65
Q

What did Mendel study?

A

Pea Plants

66
Q

Pure Breeding

A

When individuals have the same genetic material for a certain trait generation after generation. Eg- Malfoys hair

67
Q

What is a dominant gene?

A

The trait that covers up the other so that it can be visible.

68
Q

What is a recessive gene?

A

The gene that is covered up and over powered by the dominant gene.

69
Q

What is a genotype?

A

What genes (letters) that organism has

70
Q

Phenotype

A

What the organism looks like (physical)

71
Q

TT

A

Tall (pure)

72
Q

Tt

A

Tall (Hybrid)

73
Q

tt

A

Short (pure)

74
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of the same genes

75
Q

Heterozygous

A

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

76
Q

Homozygous

A

An organism that has the same alleles for a trait

77
Q

Is DNA an element compound or mixture?

78
Q

Finish this base sequence

T C C G

79
Q

A unit made up of sugar molecule attached to a base and to a phosphate group.

A

Nucleotide

80
Q

Differences in Mitosis and Meiosis

A

-Mitosis produces two cells with one division and meiosis produce four new cells.
-Mitosis takes place all over the body and meiosis takes place in the sex cells.
-Aim of mitosis is cell growth and repair of the body.
-The chromosome number in meiosis is reduced by half, the chromosome number in mitosis stays the same.
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General science (4 decks)

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