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biology 30 > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

Who conducted the experiment to prove that DNA, NOT PROTEINS, were hereditary material

A

Alfred HERSHEY and Martha CHASE

hershey and chase axperiemtn

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2
Q

What is genetic material

A

DNA

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3
Q

What is DNA

A

a NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULE that leads the processes of hereditary in all plant and animal cells

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4
Q

what are chromosomes made of

A

DNA

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5
Q

every cell in the body contains the same DNA within its nucleus EXCEPT:

A

gametes

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6
Q

what is DNA made of?

A

genes

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7
Q

what are genes made of

A

nucleic acids (nucleotides)

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8
Q

there are four nucleotides- two ____ and two ____? give the names for both + the letters

A

two PURINES (adenine and guanine) and two PYRIMIDINES (thymine and cytosine

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9
Q

who discovered the alpha-helical structure of proteins

A

linus pauling in 1940s

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10
Q

what did rosalind franklin do

A

did n xyray diffraction of a dna molecule. crick and watson used her info for their own information, their famous DNA model

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11
Q

dna molecules are made up of millions of tiny subunits called

A

nucleotides

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12
Q

each nucleotide consists of: (3)

A
  1. phosphate
  2. pentose sugar (pentagon)
  3. nitrogenous base (nucleotides, AGTC)
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13
Q

how many hydrogen bond strands does AT and CG have

A

CG- 3
AT- 2

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14
Q

the nucleotides are held together by what bonds?

A

hydrogen

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15
Q

what are c-g and a-t called? what kind of pairs are they

A

complementary base pairs

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16
Q

what is chargaffs rule

A

equal amounts of a and t and g and c (100 total)

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17
Q

what kind of strands are the base strands

A

anti-parallel

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18
Q

what is a gene

A

functional sub unit of dna that directs the PRODUCTION of a protein

a section of DNA that codes for a protein

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19
Q

genome

A

sum of all DNA in an organism. includes non coding regions

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20
Q

what are tjhe two types of chromosomes

A

autosomes (do not determine sex) and sex chromosomes (determine sex)

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21
Q

where are genes located

A

ON THE CHROMOSOMES

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22
Q

what is the central dogma of molecular biology

A

dna > rna > protein

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23
Q

what does semi-conservative mean

A

when dna is being replicated, each dna produced has one of the strands from the original.

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24
Q

what are the three steps to dna replication

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation and building the complementary strands
  3. termination
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25
Q

helicase use

A

bind to replication origin (specific dna sequence) AND THE CUT AND UNRAVEL the double helix.

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26
Q

PRIMASE

A

signals DNA polymerase where to begin

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27
Q

dna polymerase

A

enzyme

adds nucleotides within replication bubble, creating new strands of DNA that are complementary to og strand

once done, primers removed by DNA polymerase

elongation happens in 5’-3’ direction

proofread to see if hydrogen bonding is correct. if not, removes base

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28
Q

okazaki fragments

A

on the lagging strand. (3’ to 5’ direction). they are the sugar phosphate backbone

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29
Q

dna ligase

A

enzyme

binds together okazaki fragments and glues sugar phosphate backbone)

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30
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA).. where is it found and what tpes are there

A

found all over the cell (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes and soluble part of cytoplasm)

messenger RNA (mRNA) <5%
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) up to 80%
transfer RNA (tRNA) about 15%

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31
Q

structural characteristics of rna molecules.. where is it found ,what bases, etc (4)

A

single polynucleotide strand, can be looped or coiled

sugar ribose

A C U G bases

in cytoplasm and nucleus

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32
Q

what is the pentose sugar in dna vs rna

A

dna is deoxyribose sugar
rna is ribose sugar

33
Q

messenger rna use

A

carries info from dna to nucleus to ribosomes in CYTOPLASM

carries instructions for polypeptide synthesis

34
Q

robosomal rna use

A

coiled and combines w protein to form ribosomes

two subunits: large and small

35
Q

transfer rna use

A

transfers amino acids to ribosomes to help build proteins

carries amino acids to ribosome and matches them to coded mRNA message

at least 61 different forms each has a specific ANTICODON as part of its structure

36
Q

transcription.. where does it happen

A

synthesis of mRNA use the gene on dna molecule as template.

happens in NUCLEUS of eukaryotes

37
Q

translation.. where does it happen

A

synthesis of polypeptide chain using geetic code on mRNA molecule as guide

happens in CYTOPLASM

38
Q

what is transcription

A

process where dna is copied into a COMPLEMENTARY STRAND of RNA

39
Q

when is transcription initiated

A

when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of coding and starts adding complementary base pairs in 5-3 direction

40
Q

in eukaryotes, how many nucleotides is in the mRNA before and after it is used for translation

A

before: 5000
after: 1000

41
Q

what are exons and introns

A

exons: gene expressions kept
introns: gene expressions edited out (do not code for proteins)

42
Q

what ar codons

A

nucleotides in grps of 3 that code for a protein

43
Q

what is translation

A

process in which codons are coded for a protein and then turn into a polypeptide chain

44
Q

what part does tRNA and ribosomes play in translation?

A

tRNA connects codons to amino acids with the use of anticodons. \

ribosomes serve as the functional units of protein synthesis

45
Q

when does the protein synthesis start

A

when the mRNA binds to the two subunits of the rRNA (large and small)

46
Q

what are the different sites of the ribosome and what happens there?q

A

each codon to be translated arrives at the A site w the help of tRNA. (nothing rly happens)

then moves to P side where the correct amino acid is attached

then exits thru the E site

APE

47
Q

what is the use of proteins

A

provide the blueprints for our characteristics and functions

48
Q

what is genomics

A

study of entire GENOMES including interactions among multiple genes

49
Q

proteomics meaning

A

study of all PROTEINS produced by given genome

50
Q

are mutations that occur in somatic (body) cells passed to offspring?

A

no

51
Q

are mutations that occur in germ line (reproductive cells) passed to offspring?

A

yes

52
Q

point mutation

A

CHEMICAL CHANGE that affects only few nucleotides

involves substitution (G->A)

minor effects cus of DNA redundancy. no change to overall protein

53
Q

when can point mutation become deadly

A

minor changes but if transforms into stop codon, prevents synthesis of all aa downstream. sickle cell anemia is an example

54
Q

framshift mutation

A

insertion or deletion of a nucleotide, altering the whole frame of the gene.

more severe consequences (change of protein entirely, not just one amino acid)

55
Q

silent mutations

A

no effect on the cell’s overall function

56
Q

missense mutations

A

mutations that lead to slightly altered but still functional polypeptide

57
Q

nonsense mutations

A

mutation rendering the gene unable to code for functional polypeptide

58
Q

when does gene duplication (creation of new genes) occur

A

by unequal crossing over

promotes genetic diversity, introducing new genes and possible phenotypes into population

59
Q

when does unequal crossing over occur

A

during synapsis in prophase of Meiosis I

60
Q

do nonhomologous areas synapse

A

yes

61
Q

what can cause genetic mutation

A

spontaneous mutations- error of genetic machinery

x rays, uv light, certain chemicals, bacteria/stds

62
Q

phylogeny

A

proposed evolutionary history of grp of organisms (common ancestor diagram)

63
Q

mitochondrial dna use

A

can be used to trace MATERNAL line and can be used to infer ancestry

some genes it contains provide instructions on how to make tRNA and rRNA

can carry genetic disorders

64
Q

how many genes does mitochondrial dna have

and what is its structure

A

37

double stranded circular dna molecule

65
Q

oncogenes

A

cancer-causing genes

66
Q

how are onco genes made

A

cancer can be caused by nitrogen base substitution or the movement of genetic material from one part of the CHROMOSOME to another

can be caused by cancer-causing agents (carcinogens) x rays, uv radiation, mutagenic chemicals can promote the alteration of normal genes into oncogenes

67
Q

regulator genes. how do they relate to onco genes

A

genes that produce proteins that have the ability to turn off or on the process of cell division

oncogenes can either turn on cell division or inhibit an off switch. both situations can lead to cancer

68
Q

where are onco genes found

A

cancer-causing oncogenes are found in normal strands of DNA

69
Q

what causes the problem of oncogenes

A

movement of the gene away from its regulator gene. it could have been transposed to another gene site.

such transposition may have been caused by environmental factors or mutagenic chemicals

70
Q

recombinant dna

A

molecule of dna that includes genetic material from different sources. produced thru the process of genetic engineering

71
Q

how does genetic engineering work

A

taking plasmids from bacteria (circular segements of DNA that contain genetic info) and reprogramming them to express certain genes (can be useful if cannot be produced via selective breeding)

restrictions endonucleases cut DNA sequence at specific recognition site to allow for insertion of a desired gene, which is glues into genome using DNA ligase

methylase protects DNA from cleavage by restriction enzymes

72
Q

biotechnology

A

use of natural biological systems to create new technologies and products

73
Q

dna microarray

A

chip that contains a grid of thousands of microscopic cells and allows scientists to analyze activity of thousands of genes at once

74
Q

transgenics

A

organisms whose genetic material contains DNA from a diff species

75
Q

bioremediation

A

using living cells for environmental remediation (cleaning up environment)

76
Q

gene therapy

A

process of changing function of gene in order to treat or prevent GENETIC DISORDER

DNA vector carries foreign DNA into target cell of patient

77
Q

restriction ensymes

A

in order to study structure of dna, molecules broken up into smaller fragments by enzymes called restriction enzymes

they don’t break up DNA randomly, but cut it at particular sites

can cut out coding of proteins that do not code for anything (ex:repeating coding of proteins (CATCATCATCAT))

78
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

shallow camples of dna are placed in the wells of the gel and voltage is applied to opposite ends of the gel

DNA had negative charge so it will slowly move toward the positive end

SHORTER fragments travel thru gel faster than longer ones (longer ones will be more to the end while shorter ones will be more toward the beginning)

biology 30 (2 decks)

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