DNA Flashcards
what are the genetic molecules?
the branch of genetics concerned with the structure and activities of genetic material at the molecular level.
what is Mendel’s 3 laws?
The law of dominance:
when two different alleles are present, one allele (the dominant one) will be expressed and the other (the recessive one) will be masked.
The law of segregation:
during gamete formation, the two alleles of a gene separate from each other so that each gamete receives only one allele.
The law of independent assortment:
the inheritance of one gene does not affect the inheritance of another gene.
what is the purpose of protein synthesis?
Protein synthesis is the creation of proteins. that are essential for the proper functioning and development of cells. Protein synthesis is a two-step process.
That involves transcription of DNA into mRNA in the nucleus, and translation of mRNA into polypeptide chains in the cytoplasm. Protein synthesis requires a coded sequence, enzymes, and various types of RNA.
5 point of chromosome theory
relationships between DNA, RNA, Genes and chromosome?
DNA contains long chains of chemicals called bases.
These chains coil into 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) is similar to DNA; it also contains long chains of bases connected by a sugar ‘backbone’.
Genes are the 1–2% of our genetic code that act as templates for making proteins.
A genome contains the full complement of DNA within a cell and is organized into smaller, discrete units called genes that are arranged on chromosomes and plasmids.
A gene is composed of DNA that is “read” or transcribed to produce an RNA molecule during the process of transcription.
different between gene mutation and chromosomal mutation?
Gene mutations are an alteration of the nucleotide sequence of a gene, while chromosomal mutations are an alteration of the structure or number of chromosomes.
Gene mutations involve a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene on a DNA molecule, while chromosomal mutations involve changes in the structure of a chromosome or the loss or gain of a chromosome.
what are the 3 kinds of RNA AND THEIR FUNCTION?
mRNA or Messenger RNA: It transcribes the genetic code from DNA into a form that can be read and used to make proteins. It carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell.
rRNA or Ribosomal RNA: It incorporates into the ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
tRNA or Transfer RNA: It transfers specific amino acids to growing polypeptide chains at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation.
difference between mitosis and miosis?
Mitosis produces two genetically identical “daughter” cells from a single “parent” cell, whereas meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique from the parent and contain only half as much DNA.
Mitosis involves the division of body cells, while meiosis involves the division of sex cells.
The division of a cell occurs once in mitosis but twice in meiosis.
Difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double-stranded and RNA is single-stranded.
DNA stores genetic information and RNA transfers genetic codes for protein synthesis.
DNA has a deoxyribose sugar phosphate backbone and RNA has a ribose sugar phosphate backbone.
DNA has the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine and RNA has the bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.
what is transcription and translation?
Transcription and translation are the two processes that convert a sequence of nucleotides from DNA into a sequence of amino acids to build the desired protein.
Transcription is the process of making RNA copies of individual genes using the RNA polymerase.
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from an mRNA template using tRNA and rRNA. These two processes are essential for life and are found in all organisms1.
gene and allele
sex linkage and gene linkage
difference codon and anticodon
Codon and anticodon are nucleotide triplets which specify a particular amino acid in a polypeptide.
The three-nucleotide sequence on the tRNA, which is complementary to the codon sequence on the mRNA is referred to as the anticodon..
nucleotide and amino acids
Nucleotides and amino acids are two types of biomolecules that are involved in the storage and expression of genetic information.
Nucleotides are the monomers that make up nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, which store and transmit genetic information Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins, which perform various functions in the cell.
The genetic code is the set of rules that determines how nucleotides are translated into amino acids. Each amino acid is encoded by a
autosome and sex chromosome
