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dna Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

dna abbeviation ?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

rna ?

A

ribonucleic acid

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3
Q

dna -> dna

A

replication

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4
Q

dna -> rna

A

transcription

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5
Q

rna -> proteins

A

translation

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6
Q

dna is a polymer

A

deoxyribonucleotides

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7
Q

base pairs ?

A

is the number of nucleotides present
defines the length of dna

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8
Q

phi 174 bacteriophage has how many nucleotides

A

5386

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9
Q

Nucleotide in bacteriophage lambda

A

48502

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10
Q

No. Of nucleotide in Escherichia coli

A

4.6 × 10 ^6 base pairs.

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11
Q

No of nucleotide in haploid content of human dna

A

3.3× 10 ^6 bp

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12
Q

Nucleoside?

A

Nitrogenous base + pentose sugar

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13
Q

Nucleotide?

A

Nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate

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14
Q

Purines?

A

Adenine and guanine

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15
Q

Pyramidines

A

Cytosine - thymine - uracil

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16
Q

Nitrogenous base is attached to which alcohol of pentose sugar

A

OH of 1 C of pentose sugar

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17
Q

What is the bond in nitrogenous sugar attached to 1C of pentose sugar

A

N - glycosidic bond.

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18
Q

Nucleoside in rna if nitrogen base is adenine

A

Adenosine.

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19
Q

Nucleoside in dna if adenine is nitrogenous base

A

Deoxyadenosine

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20
Q

Nucleoside in dna if guanine is nitrogenous base

A

Deoxyguanine

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21
Q

Nucleoside in rna if guanine is nitrogenous base

A

Guanosine

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22
Q

Nucleoside in dna if cytosine is nitrogenous base

A

Deoxycytidine

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23
Q

Nucleoside in rna if cytosine is nitrogenous base

A

Cytidine

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24
Q

Nucleoside in dna if thymine is nitrogenous base

A

Deoxythymidine

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25
Q

Nucleoside in rna if uracil is nitrogenous base

A

Uridine

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26
Q

How is phosphate group linked to nucleoside?

A

Phosphate is linked to 5 C pentose sugar

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27
Q

Bond present btw phosphate group and sugar of nucleoside

A

Phosphoester

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28
Q

How are two nucleotides linked?

A

The phosphates are linked with 3, 5 phosphodiester group

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29
Q

What’s the 5 ‘ end of polynucleotide chain?

A

Polymer had a phosphate at 5’ end of sugar

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30
Q

What’s the 3’ end of polynucleotide chain

A

There’s a free OH group at 3’C

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31
Q

Back bone of polynucleotide chain

A

Due to sugar and phosphates.

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32
Q

What’s the difference btw rna and dna?

A

+ has an additional OH group present at 2’ position at ribose
+ Uracil instead of thymine

33
Q

Chemically thymine is?

A

5- methyl uracil

34
Q

Who found Dna first?

A

Freidrich meischer

35
Q

What name did fredrich give dna

A

Nuclein

36
Q

Who gave the double helix model?

A

James watson and francis crick

37
Q

X ray diffraction data was given by?

A

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

38
Q

Who said that adenine - thymine and Guanine and Cytosine paired in equal ratio?

A

Erwin Charagaff

39
Q

Polarity of chains?

A

Antiparallel chain
First chain - 5’ to 3’
Second chain - 3’ to 5 ‘

40
Q

Adenine forms how many bonds with thymine

A

2 hydrogwn bonds

41
Q

Guanine bonds with Cytosine with how many bonds?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

42
Q

How are the chains coiled?

A

Right handed

43
Q

Pitch of an dna helix

A

3.4 nm

44
Q

How many bp in one turn of dna

A

10

45
Q

Distance btw a bp in helix

A

0.34 nm

46
Q

What adds to the stability of helical structure

A

Plane of one basepair stacks over another bp

47
Q

Who proposed to central dogma?

A

Francis crick

48
Q

What does central dogma say?

A

Information flows from dna to rna to protein

49
Q

How is the central dogma in virus defined

A

Rna - dna

50
Q

Length of human dna

A

2.2 m

51
Q

How is dna packed in prokaryotes?

A

Dna is held with proteins aka nucleoid

52
Q

Positively charged proteins in eularyotes?

A

Histones

53
Q

Histones are rich in?

A

Arginine and lysine

54
Q

Histonr octamer?

A

When eight molecules of histones form a unit to help wrap dna

55
Q

Dna is ———– charged?

A

Negatively

56
Q

What is the term when dna is wrapped around histone octamer

A

Nucleosome.

57
Q

Base pairs in nucleosome?

A

200 bp of dna.

58
Q

Repeating unit in nucleosome is called

A

Chromatin

59
Q

Nucleosome in chromatin is called

A

Beads on string

60
Q

Chromatin is packaged to form

A

Chromatin fibers

61
Q

Chromatin is coiled and condensed at which stage to form chromosome?

A

Metaphase stage of cell division

62
Q

What are non histone chromosomal proteins

A

Additional set of proteins other than histones required for packaging

63
Q

Region of chromatin loosely packed is called

A

Euchromatin

64
Q

Euchromatin stains ?

A

Stains light.

65
Q

Chromatin that is densely packed

A

Heterochromatin

66
Q

Heterochromatin stains?

A

Stains dark

67
Q

Which chromatin is transcriptionally active?

A

Euchromatin

68
Q

Which chromatin is transcriptionally inactive

A

Heterochromatin.

69
Q

Who gave the transforming principle?

A

Frederick Griffith

70
Q

Which bacteria was used to experiment the transforming principle

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

71
Q

Why is the s strain called so

A

Forms smooth shiny colonies

72
Q

Why is r starain called so

A

Forms rough colonies.

73
Q

Why does s strain form smooth colonies but r in rough?

A

Smooth strain has mucous coat. Mucous is a polysaccharide.

74
Q

Which strain is virulent

A

S strain

75
Q

Did transforming principle define the genetic material?

A

No.

76
Q

Who did biochemical characterisation of transforming principle

A

Avery, Macleod, Mc Carty

77
Q

How did the biochemical characterisation of transforming principle prove dna is the genetic material

A

+ used protease and digested proteins - transformatioln √
+ used rnase and digested rna - transformation √
+ used dnase, and digested dna -
Transformation ×

78
Q

Who provides unequivocal proof that dna is the genetic materiak

A

Hershey and chase.

79
Q

What was used for hershey and chase experiments

A

Bacteriophages

biology (3 decks)

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