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CC Lec Revalida > DM and Methods > Flashcards

DM and Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Increased plasma glucose levels

A

Hyperglycemia

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2
Q

Decreased blood and Urine pH (acidosis)

A

Hyperglycemia

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3
Q

A group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion and/or defects in insulin action

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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4
Q

when glucose concentration exceeds the renal threshold for glucose, which is 160-180 mg/dL

A

Glucosuria

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5
Q

Complications include neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, atherosclerosis, and heart disease

A

diabetes mellitus

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6
Q

Intermediate stage between normal and diabetes mellitus status

A

IMPAIRED FASTING GLUCOSE AND IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE

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7
Q

Formerly IDDM or Juvenile onset DM

A

TYPE 1 DM

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8
Q

Autoimmune destruction of cells

A

TYPE 1 DM

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9
Q

Absolute insulin secretion deficiency

A

TYPE 1 DM

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10
Q

Characteristics:
○ Abrupt onset
○ Insulin dependence
○ Ketotic tendencies

A

TYPE 1 DM

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11
Q

Treatment for Type 1 DM

A

Insulin

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12
Q
  • Episodic insulin requirement
  • Associated with the absence of β-cell
    autoantibodies
  • Idiopathic type 1 DM (former name)
A

Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes (FT1D)

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13
Q

formerly NIDDM or adult onset DM

A

Type 2 DM

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14
Q

due to peripheral resistance to insulin

A

Type 2 DM

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15
Q

Characteristics: adult onset and with milder
symptoms but patients may go into
hyperosmolar coma

A

Type 2 DM

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16
Q

Complications: macrovascular and
microvascular complications

A

Type 2 DM

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17
Q

DM with onset of pregnancy

A

GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS

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18
Q

Associated with increased risk of perinatal
complications and development of DM

A

GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS

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19
Q

Infant may experience severe hypoglycemia

A

GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS

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20
Q

0-hour, then papainumin ng glucose
load, and then kukuha ng dugo sa 1st, 2nd, and 3rd hour

A

1-step: 3-hour OGTT Oral Glucose Tolerance Test)

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21
Q

The patient will not fast, but drink 50g of glucose,
then 1 hour after drinking, collect blood. If the result is 7.8 mmol/L, it is positive for GDM, if not, negative.

A

OGCT Oral Glucose Challenge Test): 1-hour postload of 50-g oral glucose

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22
Q

___ approach is preferred for individuals with high
risk for GDM

A

1-step approach

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23
Q

___ approach is preferred for individuals with low risk for GDM

A

2-step approach

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24
Q

___ of fasting after at least 3 days of
unrestricted diet 150 g carbohydrate per day) and
unlimited physical activity as patient preparation for gdm testing

A

10-16 hours of fasting

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25
Q

Relative insulin deficiency

A

Type 2 DM

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26
Q

Age 45 years: If results are normal, testing should be done every ___ years

A

3

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27
Q

Follow up test for type 2 DM

A

every 2 years

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28
Q

Dominantly inherited disorder of non-insulin
dependent diabetes typically diagnosed before 25
years of age

A

MATURITY-ONSET DIABETES OF THE YOUNG (MODY)

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29
Q

Mutations in the GCK and HNF1A

A

MATURITY-ONSET DIABETES OF THE YOUNG (MODY)

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30
Q

What genes does MODY has mutation with?

A

GCK and HNF1A

31
Q
  • “type 1′′ DM patient with no autoantibodies
  • “type 1′′ DM patient with insulin secretion years
    beyond diagnosis
  • “type 2′′ DM patient with normal weight or not
    significantly overweight and shows no signs of insulin resistance
A

MATURITY-ONSET DIABETES OF THE YOUNG (MODY)

32
Q

A disease of adults (begins in adulthood)

A

LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES OF ADULTS (LADA)

33
Q

Does not need insulin for glycemic control at least in
the first six months after diagnosis.

A

LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES OF ADULTS (LADA)

34
Q

hares genetic, immunologic, and metabolic features
with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus DM

A

LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES OF ADULTS (LADA)

35
Q

Type 1.5 DM

A

LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES OF ADULTS (LADA)

36
Q
  • Age greater than 35 years
  • Positive autoantibodies to islet beta cells
  • Insulin independence for at least the initial 6
    months after initial diagnosis
A

LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES OF ADULTS (LADA)

37
Q

Also known as Type 3c DM

A

PANCREATOGENIC DIABETES MELLITUS (PDM)

38
Q

Develops as an outcome of a pancreatic disease such
as chronic pancreatitis or carcinoma.

A

PANCREATOGENIC DIABETES MELLITUS (PDM)

38
Q

Also known as infatile diabetes or congenital
diabetes.

A

NEONATAL DIABETES MELLITUS (NDM)

39
Q

A form of monogenic diabetes that occurs in an infant less than 6 months of age.

A

NEONATAL DIABETES MELLITUS (NDM)

40
Q

Insulin-dependent hyperglycemia that persists longer than a week for neonates

A

NEONATAL DIABETES MELLITUS (NDM)

41
Q

Most common cause of permanent NDM

A

Genetic mutations in KCNJ11 and ABCC8

42
Q

Specimens for testing for carbohydrates

A

Blood, Urine, CSF

43
Q

3 Diagnostic Tests for DM

A

Fasting blood sugar FBS
Fasting blood glucose FBG
Fasting plasma glucose FPG

44
Q

Diagnostic Test for DM requires how many hours of fasting, and not exceeding how many hours?

A

8-10, not exceeding 16 hours

45
Q

Fasting requirement of FBS is not followed if patients
request includes ___?

A

lipid profile analysis.

46
Q

Simple glucose loading to check insulin
secretion

A

Two hour post prandial 2hr PPBS

47
Q

Patients response to a glucose load is tested
by measuring the blood glucose levels at
specific intervals

A

Glucose Tolerance Test

48
Q

Done if with defect in GI glucose
absorption 25 mg/dL administered
IV within 12 minute

A

Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test
(IVGTT)

49
Q

Index for long term plasma glucose control

A

GLYCOSYLATED/GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN (HbA1c)

50
Q

suggested to observe the hypoglycemic “dip which is often not seen until after 3 hour

A

5-hour glucose tolerance test OGTT

51
Q

Tolbutamide tolerance test

A

determines fasting hypoglycemia with blood samples drawn at 2 minutes to 2 hours interval 6 specimens) to measure glucose and insulin.

52
Q

determines reactive hypoglycemia by measuring the response of insulin to a “cocktail meal, which is a mixture of carbohydrate, protein, and fats

A

Mixed-meal tolerance test

53
Q

Enzymatic Methods for Glucose Determination

A
  • Glucose Oxidase
  • Hexokinase Method
54
Q

Reference method for glucose

A

Hexokinase Method

55
Q

Non-enzymatic Methods for Glucose determination

A
  • NELSON SOMOGYI
  • HAGEDORN JENSEN
  • ORTHOTOLUIDINE
  • BENEDICTS AND FEHLINGS TESTS
56
Q

Copper reduction method in Glucose determination

A

NELSON SOMOGYI and BENEDICTS AND FEHLINGS TESTS

57
Q

Measure “true glucose

A

NELSON SOMOGYI

58
Q

Product in NELSON SOMOGYI

A

arsenomolybdenum blue

59
Q

Reagent in NELSON SOMOGYI

A

arsenomolybdic acid

60
Q

Silver reduction method in Glucose determination

A

HAGEDORN JENSEN

61
Q

Inverse colorimetry in Glucose determination

A

HAGEDORN JENSEN

62
Q

Product in HAGEDORN JENSEN

A

Ferrocyanide (colorless)

63
Q

Reagent in HAGEDORN JENSEN

A

Ferricyanide (yellow)

64
Q

Condensation with aromatic amines in Glucose determination

A

ORTHOTOLUIDINE

65
Q

Reagent in ORTHOTOLUIDINE

A

o-toluidine in glacial acetic acid.

66
Q

Product in ORTHOTOLUIDINE

A

Schiffs base (green)

67
Q

Most specific for non-enzymatic

A

ORTHOTOLUIDINE

68
Q

Results in BENEDICTS AND FEHLINGS TESTS

A

deep blue solution to red precipitate

69
Q

Produced by the liver through FA metabolism as
energy source when carbohydrates are low

A

Ketones

70
Q

Early indicator of diabetic kidney disease

A

Albuminuria

71
Q

Characteristic of Type 1 DM 70%

A

ISLET AUTOANTIBODY

72
Q

Method used in Insulin Determination

A

HTRF Sandwich

73
Q

For diagnosis of MODY and LADA

A

CPeptide ELISA

CC Lec Revalida (2 decks)

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