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Clin Phar II Lec > DM > Flashcards

DM Flashcards

does not include physiology of insulin production

1
Q

3 keywords for DM

A

chronic, uncontrolled, hyperglycemia

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2
Q

DM is the most common _________ disorder

A

endocrine

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3
Q

DM is an acute/chronic condition?

A

chronic

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4
Q

DM is a group of metabolic disease characterized by inappropriate chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of _____________, _____ and ___________ metabolism resulting from defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both

A

carbohydrates, fats and protein

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5
Q

DM is a group of metabolic disease characterized by inappropriate chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrates, fats and protein metabolism resulting from defect in ___________, ___________ or both

A

insulin secretion, insulin action

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6
Q

DM is a group of _________ disease characterized by inappropriate chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrates, fats and protein metabolism resulting from defect in insulin secretion, insulin action or both

A

metabolic

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7
Q

Classifications of DM in 1965

A

based on age and onset of symptoms:
* Infantile or Childhood
* Young
* Adult
* Elderly

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8
Q

Classifications of DM in 1985

A

based on insulin use:
* Insulin dependent DM
* Non-Insulin Dependent DM
* Other Types

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9
Q

Classifications of DM in 1999

A

based on pathophysiology:
* type 1 - insulin dependent
* type 2 - non-insulin dependent

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10
Q

Classifications of DM in 2023

A
  • Type 1
  • Type 2
  • Specific Type
    due to other
    causes
  • Gestational
    diabetes
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11
Q

identify classification of DM:
Destruction of pancreatic beta cell responsible of insulin production

A

Type 1

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12
Q

identify classification of DM:
Associated with autoimmune disease

A

Type 1

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13
Q

identify classification of DM:
Usually develops in children and young adult

A

Type 1

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14
Q

identify classification of DM:
Associated with a faster onset of symptoms, leading to dependency on extrinsic insulin for survival

A

Type 1

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15
Q

identify classification of DM:
More common type of diabetes

A

Type 2

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16
Q

identify classification of DM:
Occurs in adults older than 40 years

A

Type 2

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17
Q

identify classification of DM:
Peaks onset between 60 and 70
years

A

Type 2

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18
Q

identify classification of DM:
Caused by a relative insulin deficiency and the body’s inability to effectively use insulin

A

Type 2

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19
Q

identify classification of DM:
Symptoms are slower in onset and less marked than the other type of DM

A

Type 2

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20
Q

identify classification of DM:
Hyperglycemia that is first detected during pregnancy, usually diagnosed during the 2nd or 3rd trimester

A

Gestational diabetes

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21
Q

identify classification of DM:
associated with adverse outcomes, including hypertension or pre-eclampsia, fetal macrosomia or fetal death

A

Gestational diabetes

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22
Q

Gestational diabetes is usually diagnosed during the _____ or _____ trimester

A

2nd or 3rd

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23
Q

hypertension during pregnancy

A

pre-eclampsia

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24
Q

condition wherein the weight of the newborn is way heavier than average (4.4pounds or 2kg is the normal wt.; infants with this condition weigh about 9pounds)

A

fetal macrosomia

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25
Q

identify classification of DM:
Diabetes is a result of a pre-existing condition

A

Specific Type due to other causes

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26
Q

Specific Type due to other causes may be due to (give 2)

A

1) pancreatitis
2) immunosuppression (e.g. in HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, CORTICOSTEROID USAGE)

27
Q

cortisol is a hormone that can (increase/decrease) blood glucose

28
Q

type 1 or type 2:
Onset is Acute, symptomatic

29
Q

type 1 or type 2:
Onset is Slow, often asymptomatic; symptoms occur when condition is already chronic

30
Q

type 1 or type 2:
clinical features include Weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia

31
Q

type 1 or type 2:
clinical features If symptomatic, Weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia + obese, strong family history of T2DM, PCOS

32
Q

T/F
symptomatic T2DM have clinical features similar with T1DM

33
Q

condition where body burns fat for energy instead of glucose

34
Q

type 1 or type 2:
ketosis is Almost always present

35
Q

type 1 or type 2:
ketosis is Usually absent

36
Q

biomarker/indicator of how much insulin your body has

37
Q

type 1 or type 2:
C-peptide is Low or absent

38
Q

type 1 or type 2:
C-peptide is Normal or elevated

39
Q

Islet Cell Antibodies (ICA), ICA 512, Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (Anti-GAD) are examples of _________

A

Antibodies that prevent the body from producing or secreting insulin

40
Q

type 1 or type 2:
Positive: Islet Cell Antibodies (ICA), ICA 512, Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (Anti-GAD)

41
Q

type 1 or type 2:
Negative: Islet Cell Antibodies (ICA), ICA 512, Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (Anti-GAD)

42
Q

type 1 or type 2:
Therapy includes insulin

43
Q

type 1 or type 2:
Therapy includes Lifestyle modification, Oral anti-diabetic agents, Insulin

44
Q

type 1 or type 2:
Associated auto-immune diseases

45
Q

type 1 or type 2:
No Associated auto-immune diseases

46
Q

hormones that decrease glucose levels

A
  • Insulin
  • Incretin hormones
  • Amylin
47
Q

hormones that increase glucose levels

A
  • Counterregulatory hormones
48
Q

identify the hormone:
Regulates CHO, CHON and lipid metabolism by promoting glucose uptake into the cell

49
Q

identify the hormone:
Promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen

50
Q

identify the hormone:
Facilitates cellular uptake of amino acids

51
Q

identify the hormone:
Decreases the breakdown of fatty acids into ketone bodies

52
Q

identify the hormone:
Produced during low glucose levels to increase the amount of glucose in the body

A

Counterregulatory hormones

53
Q

identify the hormone:
Antagonizes insulin effects

A

Counterregulatory hormones

54
Q

identify the hormone:
Promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose

A

Counterregulatory hormones

55
Q

identify the hormone:
glucagon, growth hormones, catecholamines, cortisol

A

Counterregulatory hormones

56
Q

glucagon is produced by _____

A

alpha cells in pancreas

57
Q

identify the hormone:
Released or secreted after meal or nutrient intake to stimulate release of insulin

A

Incretin hormones

58
Q

identify the hormone:
Inhibits inappropriate glucone secretion and increases beta cell growth and reproduction

A

Incretin hormones

59
Q

identify the hormone:
Suppresses appetite

A

Incretin hormones & Amylin

60
Q

identify the hormone:
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and Glucagon-like peptides (GLP)

A

Incretin hormones

61
Q

identify the hormone:
Co-secreted with insulin

62
Q

identify the hormone:
Lowers post-prandial blood glucose level by prolonging the gastric emptying time

63
Q

identify the hormone:
Reduces post-prandial glucagon secretion

Clin Phar II Lec (3 decks)

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